Cervical carcinogenesis: the role of co-factors and generation of reactive oxygen species

Abstract

ResumenDiversos co-factores de riesgo han sido asociados consistentemente con displasia cervical y cáncer invasor. Es necesario un mayor número de investigaciones que utilicen diseños de cohorte prospectivos para describir el proceso de carcinogénesis y el mecanismo biológico de cada uno de estos factores. Adicionalmente, futuras investigaciones serán necesarias para definir el papel de los anticonceptivos hormonales en la promoción de la carcinogénesis cervical. Mientras que muchas preguntas científicas interesantes permanecen sin ser respondidas, resultados de numerosos estudios epidemiológicos que se desarrollan actualmente, indican que la displasia cervical y cáncer podrán ser reducidos si la tasa de oxidantes-antioxidantes es cambiada a más de un perfil antioxidante. Además de la detección oportuna de cáncer cervical, puede lograrse una reducción de la incidencia de esta enfermedad disminuyendo el consumo de tabaco, incrementando el estatus nutricional, y utilizando métodos contraceptivos de barrera para prevenir otras infecciones de transmisión sexual. Este artículo también está disponible en: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html Palabras clave: cáncer cervical; co-factores de riesgo; antioxidantes; nutrición; prevención This paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html Abstract Several HPV co-factors have been proposed, some more or less consistently associated with cervical dysplasia and cancer risk. More research, using prospective cohort designs, is needed to further describe where in carcinogenesis these factors are working and to assess the biological mechanism of these factors. In addition, further research is needed to define the role of various hormonal contraceptive formulations in promoting cervical carcinogenesis. While many interesting scientific questions remain to be answered, results from the numerous epidemiological studies conducted to date indicate that cervical dysplasia and cancer may be reduced if the oxidant antioxidant ratio is shifted to more of and antioxidant profile. In addition to cervical cancer screening, a reduction in cervical cancer incidence may be accomplished by reducing tobacco use, increasing nutritional status, and utilizing barrier contraception to prevent infection with other sexually acquired infections. This paper is available too at: http:// www.insp.mx/salud/index.html

New Insights in the Pathogenesis of HPV Infection and the Associated Carcinogenic Processes: The Role of Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

“…It seems that the deficiency of certain antioxidants might influence the course of the infection [ 99 ]. Antioxidants modulate the expression of genes associated with the transcriptional AP-1 complex [ 100 ], and in turn, ROS lead to activation of AP-1, a factor involved in the expression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins [ 101 ].…”

Biomarkers of oxidant load and type‐specific clearance of prevalent oncogenic human papillomavirus infection: Markers of immune response?

“…, carotenoids and tocopherols), inflammation and smoking have been associated with the progression of HPV infection to cervical dysplasia 3–6. It has been proposed that increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be the common mechanism through which these cofactors influence the natural history of HPV infections 4, 7. A few prospective studies have demonstrated an association between the contributors of ROS ( e.g.…”

Downregulation of calcineurin activity in cervical carcinoma

“…Interestingly the lower SOD in circulation reported in cervical cancer [46] may have a role in downregulation of the serum calcineurin activity. There is clearly strong evidence on the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cervical cancer [47] and it can most likely alter the calcineurin activity atleast in the tissues without affecting its expression. This argument is also supported by an observation that activity of creatine kinase B, a ROS sensitive protein, is downregulated in cervical cancer [48].…”