Cervical cytology figures for 1970-81.

Maw, R D; Hanley, O

doi:10.1136/sti.59.6.408

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Several studies (4-11) have indicated that, in addition to HPV infection, cofactors are most likely required for cervical neoplasia to develop. These factors have included use of oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking, infection of the cervix with Chlamydia trachomatis or herpes simplex virus, and impaired immune response (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Because most studies examining these factors 508 MOSCICKI £T AL.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The probe mixture consisted of < 5 }lCi of 32P-lab eled RNA probes prepared by in vitro transcript ion of recombinant plasmid containing substantially the entire DNA sequences of the seven HPV types. After hybridization, the nylon membrane was treated with ribonucl ease to remove the unhybridized probe and washed under condition of high stringency (meltin g temp erature -IODC) with 100 mM PBS solution with 10 (Fig. I).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Papillomavirus Infection Sexually Active Adolescent Females: Prevalence and Risk Factors

et al. 1990

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ABSTRACT. We examined the prevalence of human papiIIomavirus (HPV) infection, and associated risk factors for infection with HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18,31,33, and 35, in 661 sexually active adolescent females attending family planning clinics. Fifteen percent were positive for HPV DNA by RNA-DNA dot-blot hybridization. More than 60% of the HPV-positive subjects harbored at least one of the following cancer-related HPV types: 16, 18,31, 33, or 35. Those with HPV had a mean range of four to 10 lifetime sexual partners compared with a mean range of one to three in those without HPV (p < 0.001). After the analysis was adjusted for number of lifetime sexual partners, no other risk factor was associated with HPV infection. We conclude that oncogenic-related HPV types are common sexually transmitted organisms found in our population. The strong relationship with number of sexual partners suggests that acquisition of HPV infection is predominantly influenced by sexual behavior. However, in our population, confounders such as oral contraceptive use, past history of Chlamydia trachomatis infection, or substance abuse were not found to be significant independent risk factors. (Pediatr Res 28: 507-513, 1990) have been performed in populations with both HPV infection and neoplasia (i.e. dysplasia clinic populations), it has been difficult to differentiate cofactors associated with neoplasia from those associated with HPV infection. Distinguishing between the risk factors for HPV infection and those associated with progression to CIN or cancer is critical in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease because the risk factors may not be the same. Studies that examine populations with relatively early HPV infection, defined by a short exposure time, may be best suited for distinguishing these risk factors. Adolescents may serve as such a population because the rate of abnormal cytology in teens is lower than that found in older adult women, and adolescents have not been sexually active as long as most adult women. Therefore, the average time course from infection and acquisition of the virus to the gynecology clinic visit is expected to be less for the adolescent than for the older woman.The purposes of our study were to determine the prevalence of HPV types 6, II, 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35 among a sexually active adolescent female population and to identify factors associated with acquisition of these specific HPV types. SUBJECTS AND METHODSAll sexually active females aged 13 to 19 y attending family planning clinics and having a pelvic examination for any reason on the day of the study were asked to participate. Sites consisted of an urban university-based adolescent gynecology clinic and two community-based family planning clinics, one urban and one surburban. Reasons for visits included family planning, STD complaints, pregnancy-related problems, and other gynecologic problems. Persons attending the family planning clinics were predominantly lower to middle class citizens. Most of those who attended these clinics were white...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Papillomavirus Infection Sexually Active Adolescent Females: Prevalence and Risk Factors

et al. 1990

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Sex and cervical cancer.

Oriel¹

1988

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Carcinoma of the cervix is a major health problem throughout the world. After breast cancer, it is the second commonest malignancy in women, with an incidence of about half a million cases a year. In some localities-Africa, India, and certain other Asian countries-it is the commonest cancer in women; in Europe and North America it is the fourth commonest.' Data from some developed countries show a reduction in cervical cancer mortality of about 30% between 1960 and 1980, presumably because of early diagnosis through screening programmes.2 In England and Wales, however, there has been only a small decline in deaths from this cause in the past 20 years, and 2000 women a year still die of it.3 During the past decade there has been a pronounced increase in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), particularly in young women,45 and Beral, using a computer model, has predicted a 60% increase in cervical cancer registrations and a 70% increase in mortality in women aged under 50 in 10 years' time.6Squamous carcinoma of the cervix is the culmination of CIN, which is a series of progressive epithelial changes. Although the pathogenesis of these changes is not well understood, the cytology and histology of CIN is clear,7 and invasive cancer of the cervix could be completely prevented if CIN was detected by screening tests and treated correctly. Epidemiological studies have made it possible to define some behavioural and other characteristics of women who are at relatively high risk ofcervical cancer, and recent advances in basic science have clarified, at least in part, the aetiology of the disease. The purpose of this paper is to review this evidence with particular reference to women who attend clinics for sexually transmitted diseases, and to look for ways in which the services in these clinics can be used or modified to reduce the likelihood of invasive cervical disease in this group. Epidemiological review Domenico Rigoni-Stern was chief physician of a hospital in Verona, and he analysed mortality from cancer in that city for the years 1760-1839.' He pointed out that cancer of the uterus (and he was probably referring to the cervix) was commoner in married women and widows than in unmarried women, and was unknown in those bound by monastic vows. He suggested that the liability of a uterus to cancer might depend on "the natural exercise of its functions." It is difficult to be sure what he meant by this, but he was probably referring to either menstruation or childbirth. These observations were largely forgotten until qtite recently, but in the early 1950s several studies confirmed the extreme rarity of carcinoma of the cervix in Catholic nuns.9`' In the discussion of these findings, emphasis was placed not on the celibacy of these-women but on their childlessness, because at the time chronic cervicitis and cervical lacerations during delivery were regarded as being of major aetiological importance.During the 1960s, links were noted between carcinoma of the cervix and prostitution. Studies of the inmates of women's p...

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Personality types of women attending an STD clinic: correlation with keeping first review appointments.

Hammond

Maw

Mulholland

1989

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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and the tDepartment ofGenitourinary Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, Northern Ireland SuMMARY One hundred and eighty new women patients attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic answered the Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ)' which measures psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, and a tendency to "fake good". These personality scores were correlated with the patients' attendance or non-attendance for their first review appointments. The results showed that the mean psychoticism scale scores of the 41 non-attenders was significantly higher than that of the 139 who kept their first appointment. This relation was confirmed using point biserial correlations. The mean scores of non-attenders on the other three EPQ scales were not significantly different from those of attenders, and none of the correlations between the other EPQ scales and this behavioural criterion was significant. The psychoticism scale is tentatively recommended for identifying women patients who may need special counselling about the importance of keeping their first review appointment.An important school of thought in psychology assumes that all behavioural differences reflect personality differences.2 This paper reports the results of a study designed to examine the relation between the personalities of new women patients attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic and their non-attendance or attendance for their first review appointment.The Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) was used to assess personality for the following reasons.Firstly, it is a comprehensive measure of the three main personality dimensions described by Eysenck. These are (1) psychoticism, which could be termed tough mindedness (traits shown are solitariness, troublesomeness, cruelty, unfeelingness and insensitivity, hostility and aggression, and predisposition to psychotic psychiatric illness, psychopathic personality disorder, drug or alcohol addiction, or criminality); (2) extraversion (extraverted people are sociable, impulsive, lively, and lacking social inhibition); and (3) neuroticism, which refers to emotionality (traits include strong but labile and conflicting emotions, anxiety, being easily upset, and having a predisposiAddress for reprints: Dr R D Maw, Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland Accepted for publication 16 January 1989 tion to neurotic psychiatric illness). The EPQ was also designed to detect the tendency to "fake good", that is, to give answers that are perceived as being socially acceptable rather than true, and as being orthodox, conventional, and law abiding. Secondly, the EPQ was used because independent research has confirmed the satisfactoriness of its psychometric characteristics.4 Thirdly, it is easy to administer and score and can be answered in about 15 minutes only, which would be essential if such a questionnaire were to be useful in a busy STD clinic.Attendance for follow up after the first visit to an STD clinic is of great ...

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Cervical cytology figures for 1970-81.

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Human Papillomavirus Infection Sexually Active Adolescent Females: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Human Papillomavirus Infection Sexually Active Adolescent Females: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Sex and cervical cancer.

Personality types of women attending an STD clinic: correlation with keeping first review appointments.

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