Cervical muscle response during whiplash: evidence of a lengthening muscle contraction

Brault, John R.; Siegmund, Gunter P.; Wheeler, Jeffrey B.

doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(99)00097-2

Cited by 140 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Increased EMG activity was observed at higher impact magnitude, and the results of the current study support the hypothesis that at higher levels of impacts the muscles may become injured [2]. The present study did not identify more rapid SCM muscle response with greater impact velocity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Kumar et al [9] reported lower SCM EMG activity in expected impacts. Differences by gender have been reported by Siegmund et al [21] and by Brault et al [2], but not by Kumar et al [9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Among the cervical muscles, the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle might play a significant role in whiplash injury [2,9,11,13,16]. Magnusson et al [11] did not report significant differences in cervical muscle reaction times between expected and unexpected conditions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of sternocleidomastoid muscle in simulated low velocity rear-end impacts

et al. 2005

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Kumar et al [9] reported lower SCM EMG activity in expected impacts. Differences by gender have been reported by Siegmund et al [21] and by Brault et al [2], but not by Kumar et al [9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

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The role of sternocleidomastoid muscle in simulated low velocity rear-end impacts

et al. 2005

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“…The cameras were located in the left, right, left front, and right front of the collision area. The left-sided and right-sided muscle responses were averaged because they were nearly identical [9]. The cameras recorded motions within a span of 400 ms.…”

Section: Sled Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because mechanical characteristics inside the human body cannot be fully described by these models, biomechanics research often involves volunteer sled tests. Cervical muscle strain during collision can only be indirectly acquired due to research ethics; therefore, a high speed motion capture system records muscle motions, allowing for the subsequent calculation of strain and assessment of muscle injuries [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of cervical muscle response and injury of driver during a frontal vehicle collision

Gao

et al. 2015

BME

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Abstract. Frontal vehicle collisions can cause injury to a driver's cervical muscles resulting from intense changes in muscle strain and muscle load. This study investigated the influence of collision forces in a sled test environment using a modified Hybrid III 50 th percentile dummy equipped with simulated spring-type muscles. Cervical muscle responses including strain and load of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), splenius capitis (SPL), and trapezius (TRP) were analyzed, and muscle injury was assessed. The SCM, SPL, and TRP suffered average peak muscle strains of 21%, 40%, and 23%, respectively, exceeding the injury threshold. The average peak muscle loads of the SCM, SPL and TRP were 11 N, 25 N, and 25 N, respectively, lower than the ultimate failure load. The SPL endured the largest injury, while the injuries to the SCM and TRP were relatively small. This is a preliminary study to assess the cervical muscle of driver during a frontal vehicle collision. This study provides a foundation for investigating the muscle response and injury in sled test environments, which can lead to the improvement of occupant protections.

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The relationship between lower neck shear force and facet joint kinematics during automotive rear impacts

Stemper¹,

Yoganandan²,

Pintar³

et al. 2011

Clinical Anatomy

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A primary goal of biomechanical safety research is the definition of localized injury thresholds in terms of quantities that are repeatable and easily measureable during experimentation. Recent biomechanical experimentation using human cadavers has highlighted the role of lower cervical facet joints in the injury mechanism resulting from low-speed automotive rear impacts. The present study was conducted to correlate lower neck forces and moments with facet joint motions during simulated rear impacts in an effort to define facet joint injury tolerance thresholds that can be used to assess automobile safety. Four male and four female intact head-neck complexes were obtained from cadaveric specimens and subjected to simulated automotive rear impacts using a pendulum-minisled device. Cervical spine segmental angulations and localized facet joint kinematics were correlated to shear and axial forces, and bending moments at the cervico-thoracic junction using linear regression. R(2) coefficients indicated that spinal kinematics correlated well with lower neck shear force and bending moment. Correlation slope was steeper in female specimens, indicating greater facet joint motions for a given loading magnitude. This study demonstrated that lower neck loads can be used to predict lower cervical facet joint kinematics during automotive rear impacts. Higher correlation slope in female specimens corresponds to higher injury susceptibility in that population. Although lower neck shear force and bending moment demonstrated adequate correlation with lower cervical facet joint motions, shear force is likely the better predictor due to similarity in the timing of peak magnitudes with regard to maximum facet joint motions.

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Cervical muscle response during whiplash: evidence of a lengthening muscle contraction

Cited by 140 publications

References 27 publications

The role of sternocleidomastoid muscle in simulated low velocity rear-end impacts

The role of sternocleidomastoid muscle in simulated low velocity rear-end impacts

Study of cervical muscle response and injury of driver during a frontal vehicle collision

The relationship between lower neck shear force and facet joint kinematics during automotive rear impacts

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