“…In contrast, the recommended antibiotic treatment protocols for actinomycosis of the jawbone start with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin-sulbactam) for 3–4 weeks and continue with oral penicillin for 9–12 months or longer 45 , 47 , 48 , whereas Actinomyces strains are sensitive to beta-lactam compounds, but these compounds show very poor potential to penetrate fibrotic, necrotic and inflamed tissues and large bacterial aggregates 49 . Therefore, following a few weeks of intravenous therapy penicillin V can be used for the long term, significantly decreasing the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects compared to penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors 27 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 50 – 52 .…”