Cessation of Trivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine and Introduction of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine — Worldwide, 2016

Hampton, Lee M.; Farrell, Margaret; Ramirez-Gonzalez, Alejandro; Menning, Lisa; Shendale, Stephanie; Lewis, Ian C.; Rubin, Jennifer; Garon, Julie; Harris, Jennifer B.; Hyde, Terri B.; Wassilak, Steven G.F.; Patel, Manish; Nandy, Robin; Chang-Blanc, Diana

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6535a3

Cited by 173 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…As of November 7, 2016, 105 of 126 (83%) countries using only OPV at the beginning of 2013 had introduced IPV, resulting in 173 of 194 (89%) WHO member states using IPV, primarily due to supply shortages [16]. Therefore, our findings that all three IPV vaccines achieve high immunogenicity and safety standards should reassure policy and decision-makers making choices for IPV for national and regional immunization schedules.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Inactivated polio vaccines from three different manufacturers have equivalent safety and immunogenicity when given as 1 or 2 additional doses after bivalent OPV: Results from a randomized controlled trial in Latin America

López‐Medina

Melgar

Gaensbauer

et al. 2017

Vaccine

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HighlightsSince April 2016 type 2 polio immunization is only possible with inactivated polio vaccines (IPV).Global IPV supply is currently under pressure, being supplied by only four manufacturers.We previously confirmed the effectiveness of mixed bOPV and IPV schedules from one manufacturer.We compared intestinal and humoral immunity of IPV from 3 WHO prequalified manufacturers.All three WHO prequalified IPV were similarly immunogenic when 1 or 2 doses were given with bOPV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Inactivated polio vaccines from three different manufacturers have equivalent safety and immunogenicity when given as 1 or 2 additional doses after bivalent OPV: Results from a randomized controlled trial in Latin America

López‐Medina

Melgar

Gaensbauer

et al. 2017

Vaccine

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“…The world certified serotype 2 WPV eradication in 2015 [16], and the GPEI recognized the opportunity to globally coordinate the cessation of serotype 2-containing OPV (OPV2). OPV2 cessation occurred in late April–early May 2016 when all 155 OPV-using countries switched from tOPV to bOPV or in a few cases to only using inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) [17]. Cessation of OPV use requires global coordination (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polio endgame risks and the possibility of restarting the use of oral poliovirus vaccine

Tebbens¹,

Thompson²

2018

Expert Review of Vaccines

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Introduction: Ending all cases of poliomyelitis requires successful cessation of all oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), but the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) partners should consider the possibility of an OPV restart.Areas covered: We review the risks of continued live poliovirus transmission after OPV cessation and characterize events that led to OPV restart in a global model that focused on identifying optimal strategies for OPV cessation and the polio endgame. Numerous different types of events that occurred since the globally coordinated cessation of serotype 2-containing OPV in 2016 highlight the possibility of continued outbreaks after homotypic OPV cessation. Modeling suggests a high risk of uncontrolled outbreaks once more than around 5,000 homotypic polio cases occur after cessation of an OPV serotype, at which point restarting OPV would become necessary to protect most populations. Current efforts to sunset the GPEI and transition its responsibilities to national governments poses risks that may limit the ability to implement management strategies needed to minimize the probability of an OPV restart.Expert commentary: OPV restart remains a real possibility, but risk management choices made by the GPEI partners and national governments can reduce the risks of this low-probability but high-consequence event.

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“…However, to maintain immunity level to PV2 the introduction of at least one dose of IPV into routine immunization schedule was planned in 2017 in high risk countries. 1 , 4 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Italian population protected from Poliovirus? Results of a seroprevalence survey in Florence, Italy

Giammanco

Bechini

Urone

et al. 2018

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Objectives: Periodical assessments of population susceptibility to polioviruses (PV) is essential for evaluating population protection and planning appropriate vaccination strategies. The aim of the current work was to assess serological protective titers against all three polioviruses in the general population of Florence. Methods: A convenience sample of 328 sera, collected in 2009 in Florence (Central Italy) was analyzed. Samples were considered protective if neutralizing antibodies were detected at dilutions ≥1:8, according to the WHO protocols. Results: The immune coverage was 75.3%, 69.2% and 46% for PV1, PV2 and PV3, respectively. The protective titers of neutralizing antibodies were generally higher in children up to 14 years of age, with 74.4% (PV1), 75.6% (PV2) and 56.7% (PV3) of seroprevalence. From the age of 11 years, most of the study subjects were seronegative for PV3. Conclusions: In a polio-free country with strong migration pressures, such as Italy, our results bring clear support to the recent recommendation of Italian health authorities to introduce a fifth dose of IPV vaccine in adolescence all over the country.

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Cessation of Trivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine and Introduction of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine — Worldwide, 2016

Cited by 173 publications

References 7 publications

Inactivated polio vaccines from three different manufacturers have equivalent safety and immunogenicity when given as 1 or 2 additional doses after bivalent OPV: Results from a randomized controlled trial in Latin America

Inactivated polio vaccines from three different manufacturers have equivalent safety and immunogenicity when given as 1 or 2 additional doses after bivalent OPV: Results from a randomized controlled trial in Latin America

Polio endgame risks and the possibility of restarting the use of oral poliovirus vaccine

Is Italian population protected from Poliovirus? Results of a seroprevalence survey in Florence, Italy

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