“…First, the recent finding that song production by females is widespread in oscine songbirds and that singing by both sexes likely represents the ancestral state in this group calls into question the common assumption that song has always been central to mate choice and, in turn, undermines the hypothesis that sexual selection is primarily responsible for the evolution of song learning (Odom et al, 2014). Second, vocal learning of less elaborate vocal signals, often termed ‘calls’, occurs in diverse taxa including parrots, whales, seals, elephants, bats and primates, and many of these taxa lack elaborate songs altogether but share a propensity to form highly social groups (Bradbury, 2003; Janik, 2014; Janik & Slater, 1997; Knörnschild, 2014; Petkov & Jarvis, 2012; Reichmuth & Casey, 2014; Stoeger & Manger, 2014; Tyack, 2008; Watson et al, 2015; Toft & Wright, 2015). These observations have led some to propose the alternative hypothesis that learned communication in animals, including humans, has evolved as a means of better mediating complex and dynamic social interactions, rather than via sexual selection driven by mate choice (Fitch et al, 2010; Freeberg et al, 2012; Janik, 2014; Pinker, 2010; Sewall, 2015; Seyfarth & Cheney, 2014; Tyack, 2008; but see Burling, 2007; Fitch, 2005; Miller, 2000; Puts et al, 2007).…”