CF<sub>x</sub> primary batteries based on fluorinated carbon nanocages

Sosunov, A. V.; Ziółkowska, Dominika A.; Ponomarev, Roman; Henner, V. K.; Karki, Bhupendra; Smith, Nathan; Суманасекера, Гамини; Jasiński, Jacek B.

doi:10.1039/c9nj02956g

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Strenuous efforts have been made to improve the conductivity of the CF x -based materials for elevating the rate capability and diminishing initial voltage delay, such as reducing the fluorination degree, solvothermal and mechanical treatment of CF x to the form of sub-fluorinated carbons, , surface-modifying the CF x by conductive materials, , inculpating some highly conductive additives in the CF x cathodes, , and developing various nanostructured fluorinated carbon materials as a cathode. − Among the nanostructured fluorinated carbon materials, fluorinated graphene has attracted the attention of many researchers. , As a graphene derivative, fluorinated graphene has a unique 2D structure, which can shorten the diffusion path of ions and electrons to facilitate the rapid electrochemical reaction, which provides the possibility of pursuing excellent rate performance. At present, the best discharge performance of fluorinated graphene ( x = 0.8) reported in the literature is that the maximum power density is 21,460 W/kg at a current density of 10 A/g .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast Li/Fluorinated Graphene Primary Batteries with High Energy Density and Power Density

Luo

Wang

Chen

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Lithium/fluorinated carbon (Li/CF x ) primary batteries have essential applications in consumer electronics and medical and high-power military devices. However, their application is limited due to the difficulty in achieving simultaneous high power density and high energy density in the CF x cathode. The tradeoff between conductivity and fluorine content is the decisive factor. Herein, by rational design, 3D porous fluorinated graphene microspheres (FGS-x) with both high conductivity and a high F/ C ratio are successfully synthesized for the first time. FGS-x possesses an F/C ratio as high as 1.03, a nanosheet structure with hierarchical pores, abundant CC bonds, few inactive C−F 2 bonds, and electrochemically active C−F bonds. The beneficial features that can increase discharge capacity, shorten the diffusion length for both ions and electrons, enhance the Li + intercalation kinetics, and accommodate the volume change are demonstrated. The Li/FGS-1.03 coin cell delivers an unprecedented power density of 71,180.9 W/kg at an ultrahigh rate of 50 C (43.25 A/g), coupled with a high energy density of 830.7 Wh/kg. Remarkably, the Li/FGS-1.03 pouch cell exhibits a record cell-level power density of 12,451.2 W/kg at 20 C. The in-depth investigation by the ex situ method on structural evolution at different discharge depths reveals that the excellent performance benefits from the structural stability and the uniform formation of LiF. The FGS-1.03 cathode also has excellent performance in extreme operating temperatures (0 to 100 °C) and high active material mass loading (4.3 mg/cm 2 ). These results indicate that the engineered fluorinated graphene developed here has great potential in applications requiring both high power density and high energy density.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast Li/Fluorinated Graphene Primary Batteries with High Energy Density and Power Density

Luo

Wang

Chen

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…By controlling the temperature, the fluorinated graphitized CNTs were optimized to an exact ratio, which exhibited high specific capacities of 798.8 mAh g –1 , nearly reaching the theoretical value in that F/C ratio . This strategy is the most frequently used method to improve performance of the CF x /Li cell, which has been widely applied by a series of works. ,,− It should be noted that surface defluorination can improve the conductivity on the surface of CF x , making the interfacial C–F bond become more ionic than covalent, to acquire better rate performance . During surface defluorination, inactive -CF 2 and -CF 3 was removed and enabled CF x a more conductive surface .…”

Section: Cf X As Cathode Materials For Primary Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indirect fluorination including adding fluorinate reagent can solve this problem to some extent. The fluorinate reagent usually contains fluoride, which can release F 2 , such as CF 4 plasma and XeF 2 . − Compared to F 2 , these substances are easier and safer to handle, and as-prepared CF x also exhibited good performance …”

Section: Cf X As Cathode Materials For Primary Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorinated Carbon Materials and the Applications in Energy Storage Systems

Zhong

Zhou

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Fluorinated carbon materials (CF x ) have been widely used as cathode materials in primary batteries and simultaneously been applied to modify electrode materials in secondary rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to the unique discharge product of LiF and carbon. In this review, we intend to offer a comprehensive connection between the CF x /Li primary battery and its effect for improving secondary battery via the link of LiF. The first part comes with the efforts on high-energy CF x /Li batteries with well-designed materials and electrolytes on the foundation of the unique discharge mechanism. Following with the discharge product (LiF), the second part is reasonably focused on modifying the electrode materials of LIBs with in situ or ex situ fluorination. Thanks to the link of primary battery and secondary battery, a perspective is made to illuminate a comprehension of CF x materials in future energy storage systems. This review offers an up-to-date retrospect of recent works on application of CF x and contributes to deeper understanding in energy storage systems.

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“…[2] Commercially available LPBs mainly use metallic lithium as anode and fluorinated graphite (CF x ), manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ), or thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 ) as the cathode. [3,4] Among them, Li/CF x battery has the highest theoretical energy density of 2180 Wh kg −1 , [2] which also has the advantages of a flat discharge platform, wide operational temperature range, and long shelf-life. [5] Therefore, Li/CF x batteries have a broad application market in the fields of commercial, industrial, medical, military, and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accordion‐Like Fluorinated Graphite Nanosheets with High Power and Energy Densities for Wide‐Temperature, Long Shelf‐Life Sodium/Potassium Primary Batteries

Luo

Chen

Wang

et al. 2021

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Sodium and potassium are considered to be the most promising anode candidates due to their easy availability, low‐cost and similar chemical properties to lithium. Here, novel 3D accordion‐like fluorinated graphite nanosheets (FGNSs) are reported as cathodes for sodium primary batteries (SPBs) and potassium primary batteries (PPBs). The FGNSs‐x cathode exhibits unprecedented power and energy density due to the impressive 3D structure, high F/C ratio (1.0), and more surface CC bonds (7.14%). The FGNSs‐1.0 exhibits very high specific capacities of 831.3 and 834.1 mAh g−1 for SPBs and PPBs, respectively, close to the theoretical capacity. Besides, the maximum energy density of FGNSs‐1.0 in SPBs and PPBs are 1960.5 and 2144.6 Wh kg−1, respectively. The maximum power density for Na/CFx and K/CFx batteries could reach up to 7076.8 and 6227.4 W kg−1, respectively. The electrochemical performance of FGNSs‐1.0 at extreme temperatures (−30 to 100 °C), long storage time (60 days), high mass loading (3.6 mg cm−2), and pouch‐type cell is also evaluated for the first time. Surprisingly, FGNSs‐1.0 has outstanding performance in these projects. Therefore, the new‐type Na/CFx and K/CFx primary battery systems developed here have broad application prospects in high‐energy applications that require high‐power, low‐cost, and normal use under extreme conditions.

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CF_x primary batteries based on fluorinated carbon nanocages

Abstract: The material with the fluorination level of x = 0.98 reaches the specific capacity of 850 mA h g−1, i.e., its theoretical value.

Cited by 25 publications

References 29 publications

Ultrafast Li/Fluorinated Graphene Primary Batteries with High Energy Density and Power Density

Ultrafast Li/Fluorinated Graphene Primary Batteries with High Energy Density and Power Density

Fluorinated Carbon Materials and the Applications in Energy Storage Systems

Accordion‐Like Fluorinated Graphite Nanosheets with High Power and Energy Densities for Wide‐Temperature, Long Shelf‐Life Sodium/Potassium Primary Batteries

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CFx primary batteries based on fluorinated carbon nanocages

Abstract: The material with the fluorination level of x = 0.98 reaches the specific capacity of 850 mA h g−1, i.e., its theoretical value.

Cited by 25 publications

References 29 publications

Ultrafast Li/Fluorinated Graphene Primary Batteries with High Energy Density and Power Density

Ultrafast Li/Fluorinated Graphene Primary Batteries with High Energy Density and Power Density

Fluorinated Carbon Materials and the Applications in Energy Storage Systems

Accordion‐Like Fluorinated Graphite Nanosheets with High Power and Energy Densities for Wide‐Temperature, Long Shelf‐Life Sodium/Potassium Primary Batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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CF_x primary batteries based on fluorinated carbon nanocages