The multi-trillion-dollar market for, what was at that time wholly unregulated, over-the-counter derivatives ("swaps") is widely viewed as a principal cause of the 2008 worldwide financial meltdown. The Dodd-Frank Act, signed into law on July 21, 2010, was expressly considered by Congress to be a remedy for this troublesome deregulatory problem. The legislation required the swaps market to comply with a host of business conduct and anti-competitive protections, including that the swaps market be fully transparent to U.S. financial regulators, collateralized, and capitalized. The Greenberger discussing the loophole in Dodd-Frank); Zephyr Teachout & Morris Pearl, Voters Can Help Avoid Another Costly Bail Out, TIMESUNION (August 11, 2018), https://www.timesunion.com/opinion/ article/Voters-can-help-avoid-another-costly-bail-out-13149693.php (agreeing that a loophole exists in Dodd-Frank with "foreign" swaps dealers); Marcus Baram, Big banks are exploiting a risky Dodd-Frank loophole that could cause a repeat of 2008, FAST COMPANY (June 29, 2018), https://www.fastcompany.com/90178556/big-banks-are-exploiting-arisky-dodd-frank-loophole-that-could-cause-a-repeat-of-2008 (interview with Michael Greenberger);