In this study, three
different morphologies, nanoflower (NF), nano
sponge (NS), and nano urchin (NU), of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures
were synthesized successfully via a mild hydrothermal method. After
synthesis, the samples were annealed in the atmosphere at 300, 600,
and 800 °C. Although annealing provides different degradation
kinetics for different morphologies, ZnO NS performed significantly
better than other morphologies for all annealing temperatures we used
in the study. When the photoluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance
spectroscopy, BET surface, and X-ray diffraction analysis results
are examined, it is revealed that the defect structure, pore diameter,
and crystallinity cumulatively affect the photocatalytic activity
of ZnO nanocatalysts. As a result, to obtain high photocatalytic activity
in rhodamine B (RhB) degradation, it is necessary to develop a ZnO
catalyst with fewer core defects, more oxygen vacancies, near band
emission, large crystallite size, and large pore diameter. The ZnO
NS-800 °C nanocatalyst studied here had a 35.6 × 10–3 min–1 rate constant and excellent
stability after a 5-cycle photocatalytic degradation of RhB.