Challenges and Emerging Trends in Toner Waste Recycling: A Review

Parthasarathy, Meera

doi:10.3390/recycling6030057

Cited by 29 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Parthasarathy [25] informed that TW is one of the major electronic waste materials posing serious Vereecken et al [27] reported similar kaolin clay composition.…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of the Raw Materials By The Xrf Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hazardous toner waste recycling with galvanic glass waste and spent foundry sand to produce sustainable ceramics

Mymrin

Ribas

Pedroso

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Several sustainable ceramic composites were prepared from 3 – 7 wt.% of hazardous toner waste, 0 – 42% of spent foundry sand, 0 – 25% of galvanic glass waste, and 30 – 93% kaolin clay. Developed composites were sintered at 1100°, 1150°, 1200°, 1250°, and 1275°C. The ceramics’ flexural resistance values reached up to 12.29 MPa, linear shrinkage varied between 2.99 and 11.20 %, and water absorption – between 19.90 and 10.85%. The investigation of the ceramics structure formation processes using the X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, SEM, EDS AAS, and lased micro-mass analyze methods showed the synthesis of glassy structures with the inclusion of mullite and cristobalite crystalline structures. The analysis of the chemical composition of the gases emitted during ceramics firing at 1,275°C by the atomic absorption spectroscopy method, as well as the analyses of solubility and leaching of metals from ceramics, showed that the developed composites and technology were in full compliance with Brazilian sanitary standards. The results of the conducted research allow to decrease environment pollution by using hazardous industrial toner waste, galvanic glass waste and spent foundry sand as valuable raw materials to produce sustainable ceramics with high values of mechanical, physical and chemical properties.

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“…Parthasarathy [25] informed that TW is one of the major electronic waste materials posing serious Vereecken et al [27] reported similar kaolin clay composition.…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of the Raw Materials By The Xrf Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…environmental threat and health hazards. Globally, only about 20-30% of toner waste is recycled, while the remaining percentage is dumped in land lls[25]. The World Health Organization has classi ed toner waste as class 2B carcinogen due to its potential health hazard.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazardous toner waste recycling with galvanic glass waste and spent foundry sand to produce sustainable ceramics

Mymrin

Ribas

Pedroso

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Ahmadi et al (2003) described that one of the main challenges in the toner industry is to reduce e-waste production and improve the toner manufacturing process. Parthasarathy (2021) asserts that toner waste is considered the main electronic waste that can generate serious environmental threat and health hazards. Sant'Anna and Caten (2012) developed a scheme for monitoring fault data in devices during manufacturing processes, seeking to reduce bias and increase the accuracy of estimates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical process monitoring for e-waste based on beta regression and particle swarm optimization

Sant’Anna

2022

IJQRM

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PurposeE-waste management can reduce relevant impact of the business activity without affecting reliability, quality or performance. Statistical process monitoring is an effective way for managing reliability and quality to devices in manufacturing processes. This paper proposes an approach for monitoring the proportion of e-waste devices based on Beta regression model and particle swarm optimization. A statistical process monitoring scheme integrating residual useful life techniques for efficient monitoring of e-waste components or equipment was developed.Design/methodology/approachAn approach integrating regression method and particle swarm optimization algorithm was developed for increasing the accuracy of regression model estimates. The control chart tools were used for monitoring the proportion of e-waste devices from fault detection of electronic devices in manufacturing process.FindingsThe results showed that the proposed statistical process monitoring was an excellent reliability and quality scheme for monitoring the proportion of e-waste devices in toner manufacturing process. The optimized regression model estimates showed a significant influence of the process variables for both individually injection rate and toner treads and the interactions between injection rate, toner treads, viscosity and density.Originality/valueThis research is different from others by providing an approach for modeling and monitoring the proportion of e-waste devices. Statistical process monitoring can be used to monitor waste product in manufacturing. Besides, the key contribution in this study is to develop different models for fault detection and identify any change point in the manufacturing process. The optimized model used can be replicated to other Electronic Industry and allows support of a satisfactory e-waste management.

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“…Used cartridges constitute a significant part of this waste and their estimated amount is 7200 tons [ 1 ]. This type of waste still contains toner (near 10% [ 2 ]), and if managed in an inappropriate way, it poses a threat to the environment and humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), colorant (dyes and pigments), charge control agent (hydroxyl-aromatic acid and the derivatives), releasing agent and other additives (colloidal silica, metal salts, metal salts of fatty acids) [ 3 , 4 ]. It is estimated that only 20–30% of toners is recycled globally [ 2 ]. The rest are usually landfilled and can cause soil, water pollution and, what is more, lead to serious respiratory problems in humans due to small fine particles (5–10 μm) [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Management of Calcite Contaminated with Waste Toner Powder in the Construction Industry

et al. 2022

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Due to the highly explosive nature of toners, absorbers are used in toner processing plants to prevent the explosion of toner dust suspension in the air. Usually, finely divided calcite (in the form of a dust) is used. The mixture of toner-calcite is treated as waste and landfilled. The main aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using toner-contaminated calcite as an additive to concrete. Materials originating from the toner processing plant were analyzed by using TGA, AAS, XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques. Calcite-waste toner powder mixture in amounts 0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were used to produce concrete. The results of the study showed that an increase in the amount of calcite contaminated with toner to 20% causes a decrease in compressive strength of concrete by 24–51% depending on material sample. The addition of calcite in amounts up to 5% can be a suitable method of its management.

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Challenges and Emerging Trends in Toner Waste Recycling: A Review

Cited by 29 publications

References 43 publications

Hazardous toner waste recycling with galvanic glass waste and spent foundry sand to produce sustainable ceramics

Hazardous toner waste recycling with galvanic glass waste and spent foundry sand to produce sustainable ceramics

Statistical process monitoring for e-waste based on beta regression and particle swarm optimization

Sustainable Management of Calcite Contaminated with Waste Toner Powder in the Construction Industry

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