“…However, the reliance on face as the main biometric routinely used in CSAM investigations has several limitations-for example, the lack of distinct facial features appearing in children, the inability to reliably estimate age, instances where the background and the skin tone of the child are similar, the degree of nudity present, and the substantial proportion of CSAM that purposefully shields faces from view (Moser, Rybnicek & Haslinger 2015;Phippen & Bond 2020;Srinivas et al 2019;Yiallourou, Demetriou & Lanitis 2017). These problems lead to higher than desired rates of false positive and false negative matches, thus reducing task automation and requiring manual intervention (and exposure) by investigators.…”