Challenges and Opportunities for CsPbBr₃ Perovskites in Low- and High-Energy Radiation Detection

Abstract

Semiconductor-based light detection finds widespread application in everyday devices. Since the fabrication of commercial photodetectors requires complex and capital-intensive equipment, a search for semiconductors with low-cost processing is essential. To this end, hybrid organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have gained interest due to their facile processing, in combination with their outstanding properties, such as efficient light absorption and high carrier mobility. Recently, all-inorganic CsPbBr3 has emerged as a promising candidate for photodetection due to its favorable intermediate bandgap and superior photostability, thermal stability, and moisture stability. Different synthesis strategies have been adopted to obtain highly crystalline CsPbBr3 perovskites with a large variety in morphology and dimension, each allowing for a specific photodetector application, e.g., cameras for hand-held devices, large-area flat panel detectors, and flexible light sensors. This Review provides a comprehensive overview and evaluation of the state-of-the-art preparation and photodetector integration of CsPbBr3 single crystals, microcrystals, nanowires, thin films, and nanocrystals.

All-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals: next-generation scintillation materials for high-resolution X-ray imaging

“…With an ultra-high solar-to-energy power conversion efficiency of over 20%, perovskites photovoltaic materials are recent research focus in solar cells, 84,85 photoelectric sensors, 86 X-ray/gray detection. [87][88][89][90] Aer a decade of development, depending on the innovation in lm-growth technique and interface engineering, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of organicinorganic perovskites-based solar cells has dramatically increased from 3.8% to 25.2%. [91][92][93] Whereas, the intrinsic thermal instability of these hybrid perovskites, in organicinorganic absorbing/organic charge-migrating layer, severely limits their extensive commercial applications.…”

Nearly 100% energy transfer at the interface of metal-organic frameworks for X-ray imaging scintillators

“…[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The most-reported X-ray imaging scintillators with good performance always rely on ceramic bulk crystals or perovskite materials, yet the harsh preparation conditions, poor stability, and toxicity of these absorber layers limit their progressive evolution and commercialization. [23][24][25][26] Nevertheless, organic-based scintillators could be an excellent alternative with good processability and stability, but their low imaging resolution and detection limit due to the limited effective atomic number impede their potential X-ray imaging applications. [27][28][29] Efficient energy transfer between X-ray absorber centers and luminescence chromophores is a promising approach to preparing high-performance X-ray imaging scintillators.…”

Surface‐Dependent Properties and Tunable Photodetection of CsPbBr3 Microcrystals Grown on Functional Substrates

“…Recently, all‐inorganic perovskite materials (CsPbX 3 , X = Cl, Br, and I) have gained enormous attention in material science, and their potential technological applications have been intensively explored toward solar cells, [ 1,2 ] light‐emitting diodes, [ 3,4 ] lasers, [ 5 ] and photodetectors. [ 6–8 ] These low‐cost semiconductors exhibit intriguing optoelectronic properties, such as high carrier mobility, [ 9 ] narrow emission bandwidth, [ 10 ] long carrier diffusion length, [ 9 ] and large optical absorption cross section. [ 11 ] Their material properties are influenced by the orientation of the perovskite crystals and thus, efforts have been devoted to control their crystallographic orientation in films [ 12–14 ] and single crystals, [ 15–17 ] as well as to synthesize them in 1D or 2D microscopic morphologies in order to provide preferential pathways for charge transport.…”

“…[ 26 ] The advantages of large, micro‐, to centimeter‐sized single crystal structures for optoelectronics are based on the suppression of grain boundaries and reduced defects. [ 8 ] However, in most of the cases these 3D structures with mainly cubic‐shapes are formed through synthetic protocols that involve large incubation times and mixtures of solvents, [ 27,28 ] and faster fabrication strategies that open access for size and shape control could ultimately boost the impact of such materials in optoelectronic devices. Toward more environmentally friendly devices, the use of Pb‐free perovskite materials provides appealing solutions for photodetection with high responsivity.…”

“…We observe highly asymmetric current–voltage responses that feature a diode‐like behavior and hysteresis with respect to forward/backward voltage sweeps. The microcrystal photodetectors show different response for operation under positive (reverse) or negative (forward) voltage bias, with highly competitive photosensitivity under forward bias reaching a responsivity of 300 A W −1 and a detectivity of 10 14 Jones, [ 8 ] and narrow‐band photodetection under reverse bias with around 0.7 A W −1 responsivity at 540 nm.…”