Challenges and Opportunities of Women Political Participation in Ethiopia

Energy 4 all? Investigating gendered energy justice implications of community-based micro-hydropower cooperatives in Ethiopia

“…The Ethiopian society has historically been organized throughout male-dominated power structures that place women in a subordinated position (Haregewoin and Emebet 2003). These structures are still persistent today (Bayeh 2015) and have led to economically, socially, culturally and politically gendered disparities in education, health and decision-making processes (Kassa 2015;Kumar and Quisumbing 2015;Bayeh 2016). For example, although the numbers have increased in the past, especially in urban areas, the enrollment of girls in primary education is still significantly lower in rural areas (UN 2013).…”

“…This is reflected in the literacy rates of the country. 1 Even though women make up nearly half of the labor force in Ethiopia, they are still underrepresented in economic life, namely in the formal sector, in high-level positions and government employment (Demeke and Gebru 2015;Kassa 2015). Major entrepreneurial challenges for Ethiopian women include lack of policy support such as rules and regulations, misrecognition and restricted access to finance and training (Haregewoin and Emebet 2003;Bayeh 2016).…”

Economic performance of community based bean seed production and marketing in the central rift valley of Ethiopia

“…Gender of the household head captures the differences between household typologies with regard to resource endowments and type of social networks. Ethiopia is a patriarchal society that keeps women at a subordinate position while putting men at a comparative advantage in terms of accessing information, better pay and asset accumulation (Kassa, 2015). Such gender disparities in favour of men mean that men are more likely to learn about new business opportunities such as seed multiplication enterprises as well as purchase seed produced from CBSME as compared to women.…”

The Invisibility of Women's Organizations in Decision Making Process and Governance in Nigeria

“…The manifestation of democracy which gave rise to varied opinion and involvement of women and men could not be enhanced by excluding the women group. Therefore, democracy would grow and develop effectively if people were given equal support to exercise their democratic rights (Kassa, 2015). Hence, women could experience benefits equally with their male counterparts.…”

“…UDHR Articles 2 and 21 stipulate equality in enjoyment of political rights, free of discrimination due to a person's sex or other reasons. In most States in the Western part of the globe, the franchise of the right of women was not recognized in the initial wave of democratization, except in the United States of America, Britain and some European countries (Kassa, 2015). There was improvement in women's participation in politics and governance.…”