Challenges and prospects in the selective photoreduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to C1 and C2 products with nanostructured materials: a review

Behra, Arjun; Kar, Ashish Kumar; Srivastava, Rajendra

doi:10.1039/d1mh01490k

Cited by 75 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 185 publications

(161 reference statements)

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“…The products of CO 2 reduction are a combination of different carbonaceous compounds, including CO, HCOOH, HCHO, CH 3 OH, CH 4 , CH 3 COOH, and C 2 H 6 . [65][66][67] The energy applied during CO 2 reduction determines the product formed based on the number of electrons and protons involved, as shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Insights On Photocatalytic Co 2 Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single‐Atom Catalysts (SACs) for Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction with H₂O: Activity, Product Selectivity, Stability, and Surface Chemistry

Hiragond

Powar

Lee

et al. 2022

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electrochemical, [7][8][9] thermo-, [10,11] and biocatalysis. [12,13] Converting CO 2 using readily available sunlight and water is one of the most promising strategies due to the following advantages: i) it utilizes solar light, a renewable energy, to drive the reduction of CO 2 , ii) it can convert CO 2 into valuable carbonaceous products like CO, CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , and CH 3 OH, iii) it operates under atmospheric conditions, iv) it is a controllable process, and v) it is scalable for industrial application. [14,15] Thus, converting undesirable CO 2 into value-added chemicals using artificial photosynthesis is a plausible way to address the current environmental and energy issues associated with the burning of fossil fuels. [16] Given the significance of photocatalytic CO 2 conversion, researchers have extensively researched various catalysts, such as metal oxides, alloys, chalcogenides, carbon-based structures, organic polymers, inorganic complexes, and MXenes. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] However, low productivity, poor product selectivity, poor long-term stability, sluggish mechanisms, and economic unviability limit the application of these conventional catalysts. Furthermore, the solar to fuel conversion efficiency of most reported catalysts is less than 1%, which is insufficient for large-scale applications. Accordingly, the need for high-performance and economically viable catalysts has prompted research organizations to design and synthesize a range of materials that can advance CO 2 reduction technology and its commercial viability.It has been recognized that the downsizing of nanoparticles (NPs) of a catalyst exposes more active sites, leading to the optimization of its electronic properties. [27] Recently, catalysts based on size-and shape-controlled, atomically dispersed metals have garnered the attention of the scientific community for various energy and environmental applications. [28,29] Single-atom (SA) catalysts (SACs) are obtained once the size and aggregation of metal particles are reduced to isolated metal atoms, which form low coordination states and enable the use of almost 100% of active metal sites; the electronic properties of metal SAs differ from those of corresponding bulk materials. [30,31] In nature, the magnesium porphyrin complex in chlorophyll has an SA-like structure necessary for photosynthesis; the iron porphyrin complex in cytochrome has a similar SA-like structure which plays a vital role in the molecular transfer of CO 2 . [32][33][34] In recent years, single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted the interest of researchers owing to their suitability for various catalytic applications. For instance, their optoelectronic features, site-specific activity, and costeffectiveness make SACs ideal for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. The activity, product selectivity, and photostability of SACs depend on various factors such as the nature of the metal/support material, the interaction between the metal atoms and support, light-harvesting ability, charge separation behavior, ...

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Section: Insights On Photocatalytic Co 2 Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single‐Atom Catalysts (SACs) for Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction with H₂O: Activity, Product Selectivity, Stability, and Surface Chemistry

Hiragond

Powar

Lee

et al. 2022

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“…Additionally, publications on photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction including polymers exponentially increased to 5790 in 2021, showing the high potential of polymers for assisting carbon dioxide conversion. Challenges have emerged for photocatalysts in their performance due to low CO2 adsorptions, conversion efficiencies, and selective product generation [11,[36][37][38]. Additionally, most of the photocatalytic systems lack stability, as it was revealed in several studies that a catalyst can barely be used for several catalytic cycles [11,36].…”

Section: Half-cell Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different classes of 1D-coordination polymers and 2D-/3D-coordination networks, including supramolecular and coordination polymers, porous organic frameworks and metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) as photocatalysts, in addition to further strategies, are presented. Despite ongoing discussion regarding whether metal-organic frameworks can be Challenges have emerged for photocatalysts in their performance due to low CO 2 adsorptions, conversion efficiencies, and selective product generation [11,[36][37][38]. Additionally, most of the photocatalytic systems lack stability, as it was revealed in several studies that a catalyst can barely be used for several catalytic cycles [11,36].…”

Section: Half-cell Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combination of metal and polymer moieties merges the advantage of both materials: Metal centers build up the functional core as redox-active species, whereas polymeric materials are able to optimize the catalyst performance while acting as stabilizing structures due to their feature of being tunable. Especially for carbon dioxide conversion, metal-containing polymers can support photocatalytic [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], electrocatalytic [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], photo-electrocatalytic [ 13 , 15 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] or thermochemical [ 24 ] reduction reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Challenges have emerged for photocatalysts in their performance due to low CO 2 adsorptions, conversion efficiencies, and selective product generation [ 11 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Additionally, most of the photocatalytic systems lack stability, as it was revealed in several studies that a catalyst can barely be used for several catalytic cycles [ 11 , 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion Using Metal-Containing Coordination Polymers and Networks: Recent Developments in Material Design and Mechanistic Details

Hornberger

Adams

2022

Polymers

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International guidelines have progressively addressed global warming which is caused by the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect originates from the atmosphere’s gases which trap sunlight which, as a consequence, causes an increase in global surface temperature. Carbon dioxide is one of these greenhouse gases and is mainly produced by anthropogenic emissions. The urgency of removing atmospheric carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to reduce the greenhouse effect has initiated the development of methods to covert carbon dioxide into valuable products. One approach that was developed is the photocatalytic transformation of CO2. Photocatalysis addresses environmental issues by transferring CO2 into value added chemicals by mimicking the natural photosynthesis process. During this process, the photocatalytic system is excited by light energy. CO2 is adsorbed at the catalytic metal centers where it is subsequently reduced. To overcome several obstacles for achieving an efficient photocatalytic reduction process, the use of metal-containing polymers as photocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction is highlighted in this review. The attention of this manuscript is directed towards recent advances in material design and mechanistic details of the process using different polymeric materials and photocatalysts.

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Asymmetric Coupled Dual‐Atom Sites for Selective Photoreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Acetic Acid

Jia

Sun

Wang

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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Photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to value-added liquid fuels is a promising approach to alleviate the global energy and environmental problems. However, highly selective production of C2+ products from CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) is very difficult because of the sluggish CC coupling reaction. An asymmetric coupled heteronuclear photocatalyst is designed to overcome this limitation. The new catalyst contains single atoms of nickel and cobalt loaded on titanium dioxide. It exhibits an impressive 71% selectivity for acetic acid. The experimental data and theoretical calculations reveal that the Ni and Co single atom sites not only significantly lower the energy barrier of electron transfer in photocatalysis but also efficiently promote the CC coupling toward CH 3 COOH. The high activity of such a heteronuclear catalyst system will shed light on the future development of effective materials for CO 2 RR.

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Challenges and prospects in the selective photoreduction of CO₂ to C1 and C2 products with nanostructured materials: a review

Abstract: Solar fuel generation through CO2 hydrogenation is the ultimate strategy to produce sustainable energy sources and alleviate global warming. The photocatalytic CO2 conversion process resembles natural photosynthesis, which regulates the...

Cited by 75 publications

References 185 publications

Single‐Atom Catalysts (SACs) for Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction with H₂O: Activity, Product Selectivity, Stability, and Surface Chemistry

Single‐Atom Catalysts (SACs) for Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction with H₂O: Activity, Product Selectivity, Stability, and Surface Chemistry

Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion Using Metal-Containing Coordination Polymers and Networks: Recent Developments in Material Design and Mechanistic Details

Asymmetric Coupled Dual‐Atom Sites for Selective Photoreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Acetic Acid

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Challenges and prospects in the selective photoreduction of CO2 to C1 and C2 products with nanostructured materials: a review

Abstract: Solar fuel generation through CO2 hydrogenation is the ultimate strategy to produce sustainable energy sources and alleviate global warming. The photocatalytic CO2 conversion process resembles natural photosynthesis, which regulates the...

Cited by 75 publications

References 185 publications

Single‐Atom Catalysts (SACs) for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction with H2O: Activity, Product Selectivity, Stability, and Surface Chemistry

Single‐Atom Catalysts (SACs) for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction with H2O: Activity, Product Selectivity, Stability, and Surface Chemistry

Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion Using Metal-Containing Coordination Polymers and Networks: Recent Developments in Material Design and Mechanistic Details

Asymmetric Coupled Dual‐Atom Sites for Selective Photoreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Acetic Acid

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Product

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Challenges and prospects in the selective photoreduction of CO₂ to C1 and C2 products with nanostructured materials: a review

Single‐Atom Catalysts (SACs) for Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction with H₂O: Activity, Product Selectivity, Stability, and Surface Chemistry

Single‐Atom Catalysts (SACs) for Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction with H₂O: Activity, Product Selectivity, Stability, and Surface Chemistry