Challenges and recent developments in supply and value chains of electric vehicle batteries: A sustainability perspective

Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali; Ghadimi, Pezhman; Raugei, Marco; Wu, Yufeng; Heidrich, Oliver

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106144

Cited by 174 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 64 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The present technology of choice to power most of the electronic devices is the rechargeable lithium‐ion battery, that relies on the reversible (de)intercalation of Li + ions into and from electrodes typically with a layered structure [4] . Despite the notable progress achieved by intensive research work, challenges in the Li‐ion technology such as the relatively limited energy content, the environmental and economic impact of the materials, and the need for an efficient recycling process still hinder a complete transition to a zero‐emission mobility [5] . In this scenario, rechargeable lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) battery may represent an alternative system due the low cost of sulfur, and the high theoretical energy associated with the multi‐electron electrochemical conversion reaction summarized by equation : [6]

true 16 Li^{+} + normalS_{8} + 16 e^{-} \vec{\leftarrow} 8 Li_{2} normalS

…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4] Despite the notable progress achieved by intensive research work, challenges in the Li-ion technology such as the relatively limited energy content, the environmental and economic impact of the materials, and the need for an efficient recycling process still hinder a complete transition to a zero-emission mobility. [5] In this scenario, rechargeable lithium-sulfur (LiÀ S) battery may represent an alternative system due the low cost of sulfur, and the high theoretical energy associated with the multi-electron electrochemical conversion reaction summarized by equation ( 1): [6] 16Li þ þ S 8 þ 16e À Ð 8Li 2 S…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Scalable Composites Benefiting from Transition‐Metal Oxides as Cathode Materials for Efficient Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Composite materials achieved by including transition-metal oxides with different structures and morphologies in sulfur are suggested as scalable cathodes for high-energy lithium-sulfur (LiÀ S) batteries. The composites contain 80 wt.% sulfur and 20 wt.% of either MnO 2 or TiO 2 , leading to a sulfur content in the electrode of 64 wt.% and revealing a reversible, fast, and lowly polarized conversion process in the cell with limited interphase resistance. The SÀ TiO 2 composite exhibits an excellent rate capability between C/10 and 2C, and a cycle life extended over 400 cycles at 2C, owing to the effects of the nanometric TiO 2 additive in boosting the reaction kinetics.Instead, the micrometric sized particles of MnO 2 partially limit the electrochemical activity of SÀ MnO 2 to the current rate of 1C. Nevertheless, both SÀ MnO 2 and SÀ TiO 2 withstand a sulfur loading up to values approaching 6 mg cm À 2 , and deliver an areal capacity ranging from about 4.5 to 5.5 mAh cm À 2 at C/5. The excellent performances of the metal oxide-sulfur electrodes, even at high active material loading, and the possible scalability of the synthetic pathway adopted in the work suggest that the composites are viable cathodes for next-generation LiÀ S batteries with high energy density and efficient electrochemical process.

show abstract

true 16 Li^{+} + normalS_{8} + 16 e^{-} \vec{\leftarrow} 8 Li_{2} normalS

…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable Composites Benefiting from Transition‐Metal Oxides as Cathode Materials for Efficient Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Li-ion battery cells have been widely adopted for reasons such as less self-discharge, less memory effect, higher energy density per weight and volume, stable performance, and longer cycle life compared to other types of secondary batteries. They are used in a variety of systems such as portable electronics [1], electric vehicles [2], spacecraft and aircraft power systems [3], renewable energy systems [4], marine current energy systems [5], stationary energy storage [6], etc. The performance of the battery cell depends on the degree of degradation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Matlab/Simulink Model for Monitoring Cell State-of-Health and State-of-Charge via Impedance of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells

Kim

Kowal

2022

Batteries

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lithium-ion battery cells not only show different behaviors depending on degradation and charging states, but also overcharge and overdischarge of cells shorten battery life and cause safety problems, thus studies aiming to provide an accurate state of a cell are required. Measurements of battery cell impedance are used for cell SoH and SoC estimation techniques, but it generally takes a long time for a cell in each state to be prepared and cell voltage response is measured when charging and discharging under each condition. This study introduces an electrical equivalent circuit model of lithium-ion cells developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Cell SoC, SoH, temperature, and C-rate are considered for more accurate cell impedance prediction, and the simulation results are verified with the measurement results. The developed model is suitable for use in cell SoC and SoH monitoring studies by successfully outputting cell impedance through real-time prediction of cell voltage during discharge.

show abstract

“…Indeed, the number of EVs has increased from a negligible amount before 2010 to 11.3 million EVs in 2020 [24], and it is projected to dramatically increase to more than 142 million EVs by 2030 [25]. A key component of EV powertrains is the battery pack, whereby the lithium-ion battery (LIB) has emerged as the dominant and preferred battery technology and is expected to remain so for the years to come [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, while beneficial in terms of reducing GHG emissions, a massive shift to EVs could have an indirect negative impact up and down the supply chain. A key concern is the need for large amounts of critical raw materials (CRM) for LIB production [24,28,29]. Despite difference in definitions and assessment methods [30], CRM can be largely understood as materials that have (1) a high supply risk and (2) a high vulnerability to supply disruption [31,32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LAYERS: A Decision-Support Tool to Illustrate and Assess the Supply and Value Chain for the Energy Transition

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Climate change mitigation strategies are developed at international, national, and local authority levels. Technological solutions such as renewable energies (RE) and electric vehicles (EV) have geographically widespread knock-on effects on raw materials. In this paper, a decision-support and data-visualization tool named “LAYERS” is presented, which applies a material flow analysis to illustrate the complex connections along supply chains for carbon technologies. A case study focuses on cobalt for lithium-ion batteries (LIB) required for EVs. It relates real business data from mining and manufacturing to actual EV registrations in the UK to visualize the intended and unintended consequences of the demand for cobalt. LAYERS integrates a geographic information systems (GIS) architecture, database scheme, and whole series of stored procedures and functions. By means of a 3D visualization based on GIS, LAYERS conveys a clear understanding of the location of raw materials (from reserves, to mining, refining, manufacturing, and use) across the globe. This highlights to decision makers the often hidden but far-reaching geo-political implications of the growing demands for a range of raw materials that are needed to meet long-term carbon-reduction targets.

show abstract

Challenges and recent developments in supply and value chains of electric vehicle batteries: A sustainability perspective

Cited by 174 publications

References 64 publications

Scalable Composites Benefiting from Transition‐Metal Oxides as Cathode Materials for Efficient Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

Scalable Composites Benefiting from Transition‐Metal Oxides as Cathode Materials for Efficient Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

Development of a Matlab/Simulink Model for Monitoring Cell State-of-Health and State-of-Charge via Impedance of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells

LAYERS: A Decision-Support Tool to Illustrate and Assess the Supply and Value Chain for the Energy Transition

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About