Education has been criticized for a disproportionate focus on the technical aspects of teaching with less focus on its 'human' aspects. Consequently, many researchers and theorists have expressed a need to answer what role care plays in education. Our purpose in this review is to examine the definition of caring pedagogies and synthesize relevant research helpful to understanding its application. We briefly consider moral development and ethical care theories pertinent to teaching and learning and synthesize the research findings related to defining and measuring caring pedagogy; as well as developing caring characteristics in teachers and students, caring classroom communities, and caring in unique and challenging contexts. Finally, we argue for more research on developing valid instruments for measuring caring pedagogy and examining under-explored contexts such as higher education and technology-mediated learning. We conclude that caring pedagogy provides a powerful means to student learning improvement, one meriting the greatest attention by educators and education researchers.*Corresponding author. 150-H MCKB, and other contexts; and caring teacher interactions can improve students' self-efficacy, retention, evaluations of teachers and affect towards the content (Benson et al., 2005;Teven, 2007;Lewis et al., 2012). Numerous studies have also indicated that a caring teacher can positively impact learning outcomes, motivation, and social and moral development Witt et al., 2004;Wilson, 2006;Cornelius-White, 2007).However, despite the research and theoretical contributions to the theory of care there is still a need to clarify the meaning of the term 'caring pedagogies' and understand how to implement a caring pedagogy in different contexts. Thus, in this review of the literature, we seek to examine the definition of the term caring pedagogies and synthesize relevant research helpful to understanding its application. In this paper, we first consider theoretical foundations of care ethics that pertain to caring pedagogy, including the contributions of Noddings, as well as other theorists. Finally, we synthesize the research on caring pedagogies as they relate to care theory, including examples of practical outcomes of caring pedagogy and recommendations for future research. In this review, we use the term caring pedagogy to refer to strategies that foster care and nurturance in education. Nonetheless, another goal of this review is to clarify and amplify the meaning of this term in education.
Theoretical foundations of care ethicsGilligan (1982) criticized Kohlberg (1973Kohlberg ( , 1974Kohlberg ( , 1975 for studying largely privileged, male populations and for considering male's justice-centered view of development superior to women's care-centered view. Gilligan's (1982) work demonstrated that there is a moral orientation that is less related to justice, equality, autonomy and abstract reasoning, and more related to care, concern, empathy and connection with people. She identified a three-stage progression of mo...