Challenges for efficient communication in underwater acoustic sensor networks

Akyildiz, Ian F.; Pompili, Dario; Melodia, Tommaso

doi:10.1145/1121776.1121779

Cited by 530 publications

(340 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Recent several years have also seen a rapidly growing trend towards the application of sensor networks in underwater environments, i.e., building underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) [1] [4] [6] [13] [14] [16]. Among many research issues in this new and promising area, delivering packets from a source node to a destination, namely routing, is one of the fundamental problems that need to be studied for constructing the UWSN protocol stack.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DBR: Depth-Based Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks

Yan

Shi

Cui

2008

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

619

539

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Abstract. Providing scalable and efficient routing services in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) is very challenging due to the unique characteristics of UWSNs. Firstly, UWSNs often employ acoustic channels for communications because radio signals do not work well in water. Compared with radio-frequency channels, acoustic channels feature much lower bandwidths and several orders of magnitudes longer propagation delays. Secondly, UWSNs usually have very dynamic topology as sensors move passively with water currents. Some routing protocols have been proposed to address the challenging problem in UWSNs. However, most of them assume that the full-dimensional location information of all sensor nodes in a network is known in prior through a localization process, which is yet another challenging issue to be solved in UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a depth-based routing (DBR) protocol. DBR does not require full-dimensional location information of sensor nodes. Instead, it needs only local depth information, which can be easily obtained with an inexpensive depth sensor that can be equipped in every underwater sensor node. A key advantage of our protocol is that it can handle network dynamics efficiently without the assistance of a localization service. Moreover, our routing protocol can take advantage of a multiple-sink underwater sensor network architecture without introducing extra cost. We conduct extensive simulations. The results show that DBR can achieve very high packet delivery ratios (at least 95%) for dense networks with only small communication cost.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DBR: Depth-Based Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks

Yan

Shi

Cui

2008

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

619

539

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“…The forwarding path is specified by the routing vector from the sender to the target. Upon receiving a packet, a node computes its relative position to the forwarder by measuring its distance to the forwarder and the angle of arrival (AOA) of the signal 2 . Recursively, all the nodes receiving the packet compute their positions.…”

Section: A Overview Of Vbfmentioning

confidence: 99%

VBF: Vector-Based Forwarding Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

Xie

Cui

Lao

2006

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

561

399

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In this paper, we tackle one fundamental problem in Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs): robust, scalable and energy efficient routing. UWSNs are significantly different from terrestrial sensor networks in the following aspects: low bandwidth, high latency, node float mobility (resulting in high network dynamics), high error probability, and 3-dimensional space. These new features bring many challenges to the network protocol design of UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a novel routing protocol, called vector-based forwarding (VBF), aiming to provide robust, scalable and energy efficient routing. VBF is essentially a location-based routing approach. No state information is required on the sensor nodes and only a small fraction of the nodes are involved in routing. Moreover, packets are forwarded in redundant and interleaved paths, which add robustness to VBF. Further, we develop a localized and distributed self-adaptation algorithm, which helps to enhance the performance of VBF. The self-adaptation algorithm allows the nodes to weigh the benefit to forward packets and reduce energy consumption by discarding the low benefit packets. We evaluate the performance of VBF through extensive simulations. Our experiment results show that for networks with small or medium node mobility (1 m/s-3 m/s), VBF can effectively accomplish the goals of robustness, energy efficiency, and high success of data delivery.

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“…But due to many challenges for realizing efficient underwater networking [2][3][4][5][6], a single underwater wireless network can only cover a small area and is often isolated from each other. This is due to the fact that the currently popular underwater communication medium is acoustic wave, which can only provide low transmission rates with large propagation delay [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Possible Development of Marine Internet: A Large Scale Cooperative Heterogeneous Wireless Network

Jiang¹,

Chen²

2015

JCC

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Today, terrestrial Internet can be easily accessed with various types of terminals almost anytime and anywhere on the land. But this is not yet the case in the ocean mainly due to huge differences between terrestrial and marine environments. Although satellite Internet services are available in marine environments, at the time-being, they are neither cost-effective nor popular due to their inherent weaknesses in construction, launching and operation. Ever-increasing human activities in the ocean require marine Internet to provide handy, reliable and cost-effective high-speed Internet access not only on surface but also underwater in marine environments. This is due to the fact that a huge number of sensors and things have been deployed underwater, and this number is still increasing. How to interconnect them becomes an important issue that is necessarily addressed in order to form large and sophisticated underwater systems. This paper discusses the major available network technologies and new networking approaches that can be used to develop marine Internet, particularly a large scale cooperative heterogeneous wireless network, along with some further research issues.

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Challenges for efficient communication in underwater acoustic sensor networks

Cited by 530 publications

References 11 publications

DBR: Depth-Based Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks

DBR: Depth-Based Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks

VBF: Vector-Based Forwarding Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

A Possible Development of Marine Internet: A Large Scale Cooperative Heterogeneous Wireless Network

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