Challenges for recycling ionic liquids by using pressure driven membrane processes

Haerens, Kurt; Deuren, Stephanie Van; Matthijs, Edward; Bruggen, Bart Van der

doi:10.1039/c0gc00406e

Cited by 98 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…[16][17][18][19][20] Besides, DES, as a subclass of ionic liquids (ILs), is a green electrolyte for application in electroplating. [14][15][16][21][22][23] Reline, as one application of DES, is formed by choline chloride and urea at the ratio of 1:2. Harati et al fabricated successfully stoichiometric CIGS thin film by the one-pot electrodeposition in Reline as electrolyte.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Reline for Ga-Controllable CIGS Solar Cell in One-Step Electrodeposition

Zhang

Han

Cheng³

2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A deep eutectic solvent (DES) called Reline has attracted great interests in photovoltaic application. Many efforts have been made to get high efficiency solar cells by electrodeposition in such a low-cost and green electrolyte. In this work, the micro-structure and electrochemical properties of Reline are investigated. The metal complex system of Reline and metal salts is deduced by FTIR and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy analyses. The theoretical diffusion coefficients of Cu, In and Ga at 65 • C are calculated by Cyclic voltammetry analysis to perform a controllable Ga/(In+Ga) ratio over a large range (0 ∼ 0.53) by different pulse potentiostatic methods. Based on these achievements and optimizations, the best CIGS solar cell device with a promising efficiency of 10.1% is achieved. Solar energy has received increasing interests as an alternative to other sources of energy such as fossil fuels and nuclear energy. [1][2][3][4][5][6] One of the most promising solar cells is based on the polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) fabricated by using vacuum based process whose conversion efficiency is up to 21.7%. 7 Although vacuum techniques seem to be an excellent method for fabricating high efficiency CIGS solar cells, it is challenging to scale up the process for commercial production. While sputtering and evaporation technique could be used for large-area deposition, however, the production process is limited by expensive vacuum equipment as well as large energy consumption. [8][9][10][11] For low-cost fabrication of semiconductor thin films, electrodeposition has been proved to be a viable approach for large scale manufacturing of CIGS.10-13 However, most of the works are carried out in aqueous solvents, in which hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) leads to low plating efficiencies and pinholes in the plating layer.14,15 To avoid the occurrence of HER, researchers in recent years have turned to deep eutectic solvents (DES) as an electrolyte for electrochemical reactions due to their wide electrochemical window, high ionic conductivity, high solvation capacity, negligible vapor pressure and excellent stability. [16][17][18][19][20] Besides, DES, as a subclass of ionic liquids (ILs), is a green electrolyte for application in electroplating. [14][15][16][21][22][23] Reline, as one application of DES, is formed by choline chloride and urea at the ratio of 1:2. Harati et al. fabricated successfully stoichiometric CIGS thin film by the one-pot electrodeposition in Reline as electrolyte.21 Malaquias et al. used Reline to deposit In-Ga on Cu and Mo electrodes and finally obtained solar cell with a 7.9% efficiency. 15 Chen at al reported a 3.87% CZTS solar cell efficiency by co-electrodepositing Cu-Zn-Sn precursor thin films in Reline. 24 Although these studies show the viability of Reline as a green electrolyte, its micro-structure and electrochemical properties are rarely reported and the formed metal complexes in Reline are also needed further investigation. Meanwhile DES is cheap and easy to synthesize and has wide applica...

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confidence: 99%

Insights into the Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Reline for Ga-Controllable CIGS Solar Cell in One-Step Electrodeposition

Zhang

Han

Cheng³

2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…For low water contents, pervaporation can be applied although the flux is very low due to the presence of the IL, which decreases the activity of the water and thus the flux through the membrane. The necessary membrane area would be very high and makes pervaporation rather impractical [Haerens et al, 2010]. The key among all performance advantages is that for the removal of salt and other materials that are in the ionic size range, only distillation processes can provide a similar level of fluid purity.…”

Section: Membrane Technology For Ionic-liquid Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For concentrating ILs, the osmotic pressure was found to be the limiting factor when using nano-filtration or reverse osmosis. [Haerens et al, 2010] investigated pervaporation as an alternative and found it to have limited usability for this application as the water content was too high. For low water contents, pervaporation can be applied although the flux is very low due to the presence of the IL, which decreases the activity of the water and thus the flux through the membrane.…”

Section: Membrane Technology For Ionic-liquid Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Haerens et al (2010) investigated the use of pressure-driven membrane processes, nano-filtration, reverse osmosis and pervaporation, as a possibility to recycle ILs from water. They used Ethaline200 {a deep eutectic formed between choline chloride (a quaternary amine salt) and ethylene glycol} to perform these tests and compared their results with those found in the literature.…”

Section: Membrane Technology For Ionic-liquid Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ionic Liquids Recycling for Reuse

Abu-Eishah¹

2011

Ionic Liquids - Classes and Properties

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“…As a matter of fact, they have been labelled as "green solvents" due to their negligible impact on atmospheric pollution (Keskin et al, 2007;Torimoto et al, 2010). Finally, it is possible to recycle them, which would contribute to reduce their release to the aquatic environment and lead to more efficient and economic industrial processes (Haerens et al, 2010;Wu et al, 2009). …”

Section: Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Perspectives for Magnetic Fluid-Based Devices Using Novel Ionic Liquids as Carriers

Rodríguez‐Arco¹,

Gómez‐Ramírez²,

Durán³

et al. 2012

Smart Actuation and Sensing Systems - Recent Advances and Future Challenges

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Challenges for recycling ionic liquids by using pressure driven membrane processes

Cited by 98 publications

References 49 publications

Insights into the Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Reline for Ga-Controllable CIGS Solar Cell in One-Step Electrodeposition

Insights into the Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Reline for Ga-Controllable CIGS Solar Cell in One-Step Electrodeposition

Ionic Liquids Recycling for Reuse

New Perspectives for Magnetic Fluid-Based Devices Using Novel Ionic Liquids as Carriers

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