Challenges in a Hybrid Fabrication Process to Generate Metallic Polarization Elements with Sub-Wavelength Dimensions

Belle, Stefan; Goetzendorfer, Babette; Hellmann, Ralf

doi:10.3390/ma13225279

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…A detailed fabrication of the hollow waveguide array is provided by the authors in Ref. [34]. To facilitate a thorough understanding of the fabrication process, reference is made to this publication.…”

Section: Fabrication Of the Hollow Waveguide Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To facilitate a thorough understanding of the fabrication process, reference is made to this publication. The spatially variant polarimeter fabricated here differs from the production described in [34] in one aspect: the hollow waveguides are not horizontally arranged, but are tilted at various angles relative to the horizontal plane. The corresponding angles and related dimensions of the waveguides are presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Fabrication Of the Hollow Waveguide Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatially Resolved, Real-Time Polarization Measurement Using Artificial Birefringent Metallic Elements

Belle,

Kefer,

Hellmann

2024

Photonics

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Polarization states define a fundamental property in optics. Consequently, polarization state characterization is essential in many areas of both field industrial applications and scientific research. However, a full identification of space-variant Stokes parameters faces great challenges, like multiple power measurements. In this contribution, we present a spatially resolved polarization measurement using artificial birefringent metallic elements, the so-called hollow waveguides. Differently oriented and space-variant hollow waveguide arrays, a stationary analyzer and a CMOS camera form the basis of the experimental setup for one single spatially resolved power measurement. From this power measurement, the Stokes parameters can be calculated in quasi-real-time, with a spatial resolution down to 50 μm in square. The dimensions of the individual hollow waveguides, which are less than or equal to the employed wavelength, determine the spectral range, here in the near infrared around λ = 1550 nm. This method allows for the rapid and compact determination of spatially resolved Stokes parameters, which is experimentally confirmed using defined wave plates, as well as an undefined injection-molded polymer substrate.

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Section: Fabrication Of the Hollow Waveguide Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fabrication Of the Hollow Waveguide Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatially Resolved, Real-Time Polarization Measurement Using Artificial Birefringent Metallic Elements

Belle,

Kefer,

Hellmann

2024

Photonics

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Hollow Waveguide Arrays as Quarter- and Half-Wave Plates

2022

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We present hollow waveguide arrays acting like quarter-and half-wave plates. Approximately 2000 × 2500 individual rectangular hollow waveguides filled with air and surrounded by a gold cladding form the basis of the wave plates. The hollow waveguides fabricated by combining femtosecond 3D direct laser writing with electroplating have sub-micron dimensions of less than 500 nm in the cladding area. Both wave plates show the characteristic properties of quarter-and half-wave plates converting a linear polarized input field into a circular (quarter-wave plate) and a linear 180 • phase shifted polarized output field (half-wave plate). This is confirmed experimentally by measuring the angledependent phase shift, the Stokes vectors and polarization ellipses for both wave plates.

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Space-variant polarization conversion with artificial birefringent metallic elements

Belle¹,

Helfert²,

Kefer³

et al. 2022

Opt. Lett.

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We present an artificial birefringent space-variant polarization converter for the near infrared, λ = 1550 nm. Each hollow waveguide has a rectangular shape with lateral dimensions of 1550 nm in the x-direction and 1034 nm as the largest length in the y-direction. The whole device consists of approximately 2000 × 2500 hollow waveguides realized in a 2-µm-thick gold structure. They are separated by sidewalls with a width of less than 500 nm. By proper choice of the lateral widths of the individual holes, a pixel-wise polarization conversion of an incoming wave field is possible. By suitable choice of the fabrication parameters, a birefringent phase shift up to 2π can be achieved. Hence, the structure is able to fully convert the state of polarization, e.g., from linear to circular. For fabrication of the device, femtosecond 3D direct laser writing was combined with electroplating. Here, we describe the operation of our device as a space-variant polarization converter by measuring the angle-dependent transmitted power and by calculating the ellipticity and the phase delay dependent on position as well as the azimuth angle from the experimentally determined powers.

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Challenges in a Hybrid Fabrication Process to Generate Metallic Polarization Elements with Sub-Wavelength Dimensions

Cited by 3 publications

References 40 publications

Spatially Resolved, Real-Time Polarization Measurement Using Artificial Birefringent Metallic Elements

Spatially Resolved, Real-Time Polarization Measurement Using Artificial Birefringent Metallic Elements

Hollow Waveguide Arrays as Quarter- and Half-Wave Plates

Space-variant polarization conversion with artificial birefringent metallic elements

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