Challenges in All-DC Offshore Wind Power Plants

Follo, Alessandra; Saborío‐Romano, Oscar; Tedeschi, Elisabetta; Cutululis, Nicolaos Antonio

doi:10.3390/en14196057

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This layout is suitable for large OWPPs, as it makes possible to reduce the conduction losses with a considerable voltage ratio between generation and transmission (e.g. 40) [19]. The collection system's nominal voltage is ±50 kV, and the corresponding cables are DC-HYJQ41-F model, with cross sectional area of 800 mm 2 and resistance of 26.4 mΩ/km at 70 • C [18].…”

Section: System Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and control of all-DC offshore wind power plant with MMC-based DC/DC high-power converters

Follo,

Saborío-Romano,

Tedeschi

et al. 2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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This paper presents the modelling of an all-direct-current (all-DC) offshore wind power plant (OWPP) which employs DC/DC high-power converters based on modular multilevel converter (MMC) technology. A coordinated control strategy for such OWPP, designed to maximise the power output and maintain the DC voltages close to the nominal values, is also proposed. With the proposed strategy, wind turbines (WTs) are controlled to provide maximum power output according to a local maximum power point tracking (MPPT) reference signal together with a centralised curtailment signal. The response of the designed 600 MW all-DC OWPP is tested by means of dynamic simulations in MATLAB/Simulink.

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Section: System Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and control of all-DC offshore wind power plant with MMC-based DC/DC high-power converters

Follo,

Saborío-Romano,

Tedeschi

et al. 2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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“…T HE rapid growth of wind power, particularly largescale offshore wind power plants connected through long AC cables or HVDC to shore, is creating challenges for transmission system operators (TSOs) who must establish frameworks and rules for the connection of wind power plants (WPPs) through grid codes and modeling requirements [1], [2]. In addition, the industry is also realizing the need to establish additional regulations for deploying ancillary services from renewable sources (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements on Grid Compliance in Wind Power: Component & Subsystem Testing, Software-/Hardware-in-the-Loop, and Digital Twins

Gomes Guerreiro,

Martin,

Dreyer

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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The rapid expansion of wind power needs increased efforts in establishing rules for connecting wind power plants (WPPs) through grid codes and standards. This makes grid compliance testing and model validation more complex for wind turbine generator (WTG) manufacturers and WPP developers. This paper explores various challenges and solutions within the wind industry concerning grid compliance and the integration of large-scale WPPs. Traditionally, WTG original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) conduct grid compliance tests on full-scale prototype turbines, while WPP developers predominantly engage in studies for new WPPs based on offline EMT and RMS simulations. Up to this point, these approaches have sufficed to ensure grid compliance for WTGs and WPPs. However, as the wind sector progresses, new testing methods are required to meet the growing WT capacity, WPP complexity, and deployment pace, aiming to achieve society's sustainability targets. The industry is actively exploring methodologies that address these challenges by testing new turbine subsystems and components at the development level, employing software-/hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation for WTG/WPP interoperability assessment, and ensuring control and protection performance verification during design and operation. Additionally, digital twin approaches are being considered, encompassing the entire development and operation chain for grid compliance and connection aspects. Ultimately, this paper presents a fresh overview of these strategies, outlining definitions and the pros/cons for the stakeholders involved in the process.

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“…In all cases, the converter must have acceptable dimensions and weight to be able to be located inside the nacelle or wind turbine tower. For safety considerations, and to enable high-step up ratios, galvanic isolation is necessary [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review and comparison of single and dual active bridge converters for MVDC-connected wind turbines

Timmers¹,

Egea-Àlvarez²,

Gkountaras³

et al. 2023

IET Conf. Proc.

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A key component for all-DC wind farms is the DC/DC converter. The converter must have multi-megawatt power capability, a high step-up ratio, provide galvanic isolation, and operate efficiently while being able to fit in the wind turbine nacelle. The single active bridge (SAB) and dual active bridge (DAB) converters in standalone or cascaded configuration are promising topologies that have the potential to meet these requirements. This paper reviews the operation and control of these converters, and compares their volume, weight, and efficiency for a 15 MW wind turbine with 80 kV DC connection. The results show that the standalone topologies are significantly smaller and lighter than their cascaded counterparts. However, all topologies fit inside the wind turbine nacelle. The SAB designs are the most efficient and robust, as they use diodes in the output bridge. The DAB topologies have the advantage of bidirectional power flow at the cost of additional switches and losses. The standalone DAB requires series-connected switches in the output bridge, which may difficult to implement. The cascaded topologies offer higher reliability without significantly increasing losses, making them the most attractive option for future DC wind turbines.

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Challenges in All-DC Offshore Wind Power Plants

Cited by 15 publications

References 46 publications

Design and control of all-DC offshore wind power plant with MMC-based DC/DC high-power converters

Design and control of all-DC offshore wind power plant with MMC-based DC/DC high-power converters

Advancements on Grid Compliance in Wind Power: Component & Subsystem Testing, Software-/Hardware-in-the-Loop, and Digital Twins

Review and comparison of single and dual active bridge converters for MVDC-connected wind turbines

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