Challenges of Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Resistance and Ecotoxicology

Berny, Philippe

doi:10.5772/19916

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…We believe that this is due to the differences in the toxicity of the anticoagulant agents. Studies of many researchers (32) show that there is a higher and more widely spread resistance to less toxic AC agents (warfarin, coumatetralyl), while with increasing toxicity of AC, manifestations of resistance decreased. This tendency was strongly confirmed by our research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticoagulant Resistance in Synanthropic Rodents in the Stara Zagora Region, Bulgaria

Zhelev

Koev

Dimitrov³

et al. 2019

Macedonian Veterinary Review

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The anticoagulant rodenticides are the most commonly used toxicants to control rodents nowadays. Therefore, developing resistance to them is an issue of great importance for pest control. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of synanthropic rodents in the Stara Zagora region, Bulgaria to some of the most significant first (warfarin and coumatetralyl) and second (bromadiolone and brodifacoum) generation anticoagulants. Resistance tests were carried out by a standard protocol using lethal feeding period tests and blood clotting response tests according to the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (Paris, France) standard. Studies were performed on 278 wild synanthropic rodents -67 house mice (Mus musculus), 153 roof rats (Rattus rattus) and 58 brown rats (Rattus norvegicus). The rodents belonged to 11 populations inhabiting 9 animal farms in the region of Stara Zagora, Southern Bulgaria. High-level resistance to warfarinwas established in 100% of surveyed house mice and 92.1% of roof rats. Resistance to coumatetralyl was registered in 62.5% of the tested roof rats. Low-level resistance to bromadiolone was found in 38.5% of the surveyed roof rats and 23.1% of house mice. There was no resistance registered in brown rats. The sensitivity of all three rodent species to the strategic anticoagulant brodifacoum was high, and there were no signs of resistance. The results proved the resistance among synanthropic rodents and led to the conclusion that the resistance in house mice and roof rats to warfarin and coumatetralyl tends to be the main issue in pest control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticoagulant Resistance in Synanthropic Rodents in the Stara Zagora Region, Bulgaria

Zhelev

Koev

Dimitrov³

et al. 2019

Macedonian Veterinary Review

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“…AVK are known to be cumulative substances, especially in the liver of exposed animals. Indeed, very long half‐lives have been published or estimated by governmental bodies for most of them . The liver is always considered to be the major organ for AVK accumulation, including first‐generation AVK such as chlorophacinone in mammalian species…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anticoagulant rodenticides (AVK) have been developed since the early 1960s to control rodent populations. Because of the development of resistance to the earlier compounds, newer, more potent products have been marketed . The older (first‐generation AVK) products (warfarin, chlorophacinone, diphacinone, coumatetralyl) are toxic only after several days of consumption, while the newer products (bromadiolone, difenacoum, brodifacoum, difethialone) are active after only one ingestion in rats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vkorc1 mutations are associated with resistance against first‐generation AVK, and with some degree of resistance against second‐generation AVK. Therefore, chlorophacinone was selected as a model AVK because it is a first‐generation product, more potent than warfarin, widely used in the EU and the major first‐generation product sold in France, but also because resistant strains of rats are known to be resistant to chlorophacinone …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioaccumulation of chlorophacinone in strains of rats resistant to anticoagulants

Vein

Vey

Fourel

et al. 2012

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: Anticoagulants are the only available compounds in the EU to control rat populations. Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides (antivitamin K or AVK) is described and widespread across Europe. The present objective was to determine whether resistance was associated with an increased potential for bioaccumulation of AVK in the liver. Rats were selected from three major resistant genetically identified strains across Europe: Y139C (Germany), Y139F (France) and L120Q (United Kingdom). The rats were housed in individual cages and fed chlorophacinone wheat bait (50 mg kg −1 ). Animals were assigned to groups for euthanasia either on day 1, 4, 9 or 14 (resistant rats) or on days 1 and 4 (susceptible rats).RESULTS: Chlorophacinone accumulated from day 1 to day 4 in all strains (maximum 160 µg liver −1 ) and remained stable thereafter. There was no significant difference between strains. Extensive metabolism of chlorophacinone was also found, and was similar (in nature and proportion of metabolites) across strains (3 OH-metabolites identified). Only the survival time differed significantly (L120Q > Y139C = Y139F > susceptible).CONCLUSIONS: Accumulation of chlorophacinone occurs from day 1 to day 4, and an equilibrium is reached, suggesting rapid elimination. Resistant and susceptible rats accumulate chlorophacinone to the same extent and only differ in terms of survival times. Resistant rats may then be a threat for non-target species for prolonged periods of time.

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“…Depending on the concentration of compounds, mortality of rodents was 43–68%, 40 which is not optimal for management use; the effects on sand flies were not measured. The use of both coumatetralyl and bromadiolone in rodent management can be hampered by genetic resistance of commensal rodents in many regions of the world 12,41,42 . However, there is no indication that other highly potent anticoagulant rodenticides such as brodifacoum are ineffective for rodent control even if homozygous resistant individuals are present 43 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a combined insecticide–rodenticide product on ectoparasite and commensal rodent mortality

Hinds

Grice

Watson³

et al. 2020

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND Ectoparasites may transfer zoonotic pathogens from rodents to humans or livestock when rodents are managed with rodenticides. This could be minimized using a product combining a rodenticide with a delayed action and a systemic insecticide/acaricide that rapidly kills ectoparasites. Such a combination was tested in commensal pest rodent species to assess efficacy and timing of responses in rodents, and fleas and ticks feeding on them. Ticks or fleas attached to rats (Rattus norvegicus) and house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) were exposed to a product containing brodifacoum (50 ppm) and fipronil (40 ppm) for three days. RESULTS 98–100% of fleas on treated rodents died within one to two days after first exposure, whereas >90% fleas survived on control rodents. The effect persisted for four or more days after bait uptake. Ticks started to succumb to the effect of the combination product within one day (mice) and within four days (rats) of first exposure, with all ticks dying by Day (D)8. Tick survival in control rodents was 90–100%. Rodent mortality began at D3 (rats) and D4 (mice) after first consumption of product and all were dead by D9 (rats) and D7 (mice). CONCLUSION This product effectively killed ectoparasites and rodents. Flea mortality was swift and complete, generally within one day of exposure, whereas it took ticks up to four days to die, but before the rats and house mice died. The combination product might help to prevent ectoparasites migrating from dying rodents to another host. Field trials are warranted. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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Challenges of Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Resistance and Ecotoxicology

Cited by 8 publications

References 76 publications

Anticoagulant Resistance in Synanthropic Rodents in the Stara Zagora Region, Bulgaria

Anticoagulant Resistance in Synanthropic Rodents in the Stara Zagora Region, Bulgaria

Bioaccumulation of chlorophacinone in strains of rats resistant to anticoagulants

Efficacy of a combined insecticide–rodenticide product on ectoparasite and commensal rodent mortality

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