Challenges of Raman Amplification

Namiki, Shu; Seo, Koji; Tsukiji, Naoki; Shikii, Shigeru

doi:10.1109/jproc.2006.873444

Cited by 37 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…1 illustrates the schematic of a distributed Raman amplified LR-PON implementing the proposed protection switching and APLS scheme. Of all choices of optical amplification, distributed Raman amplification is chosen due to the fact that the amplifier could be easily tailored to provide a flat optical gain bandwidth which spans a wide wavelength amplification region that exceeds common optical amplifiers [3], [6], [14]. All active components, including the pump lasers of the Raman amplifier and protection module are located at the CO, thereby maintaining a purely passive outside plant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic Protection, Restoration, and Survivability of Long-Reach Passive Optical Networks

Wong

Lee

2011

2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)

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The long-reach passive optical network (LR-PON) can potentially deliver future bandwidth intensive services to a significantly higher number of customers at a lower unit cost of bandwidth. Carrying substantially higher traffic over increased distances as compared to conventional PONs, the survivability of these networks is a key feature that must be addressed to ensure end-to-end network reliability. Further, as these networks are optically amplified to extend its coverage, measures to detect and remove hazardous high power exposure at the fiber break are also critical. Here, we propose, experimentally demonstrate, and characterize a simple automatic protection switching scheme that exploits the use of a highly-sensitive and fast-response protection module to achieve traffic diversion onto the protection path within 12 ms for all customers. The protection module provides an additional flexibility of activating amplifier shutdown within 2 ms of failure detection, thereby removing the hazard at the fiber break. We also perform numerical analyses of LR-PON survivability based on the probabilistic nature of fiber link failures, for conventional traffic services as well as for peer-topeer sharing over the LR-PON. Our results highlight that the level of improvement in survivability from optical protection in an LR-PON is dependent on the probability link failure of each stage of the network.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic Protection, Restoration, and Survivability of Long-Reach Passive Optical Networks

Wong

Lee

2011

2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)

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“…It is often observed in Raman amplified systems the optical fibers destruction, due to the fuse effect action. In fact one of the challenges in the design of Raman Fiber Amplifiers (RFA) is to prevent the damage of the optical components due to the high powers [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of bending in SMF fibers under high power

Rocha

Martins

Facão

et al. 2009

2009 11th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks

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“…Among the various types of optical amplifiers, fiber Raman amplifier (FRA) is a key element in WDM system because of its good noise performance, flexible and broad band of amplification [1][2][3]. For the application of FRA in WDM system, a flat gain for a broad band of frequency is a desirable feature [4][5][6]. The flatness of the gain has influence on the optical signal to noise ratio of the system.…”

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confidence: 99%

C band single pump photonic crystal fiber Raman amplifier

2010

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A novel twin-core photonic crystal fiber was proposed to reduce the complexity and cost of fiber Raman amplifiers. By means of a proper design, this fiber could acquire a higher and flatter Raman gain efficiency coefficient curve r R =g R /A eff over a specified band of wavelength than a conventional fiber. A Raman amplifier was designed with this novel twin-core photonic crystal fiber to operate in C band from 1530 nm to 1565 nm. A remarkable improvement over a conventional fiber Raman amplifier was obtained. It was numerically demonstrated that when pumped with a single source, an average gain of 8.7 dB with a fluctuation of less than 0.9 dB is achievable. Raman gain coefficient, Raman gain efficiency, photonic crystal fiber, Raman amplifier Citation:Jiang H M, Xie K, Wang Y F. C band single pump photonic crystal fiber Raman amplifier.Optical amplifier is an important active device in modern fiber communication system to compensate for transmission loss. Among the various types of optical amplifiers, fiber Raman amplifier (FRA) is a key element in WDM system because of its good noise performance, flexible and broad band of amplification [1][2][3]. For the application of FRA in WDM system, a flat gain for a broad band of frequency is a desirable feature [4][5][6]. The flatness of the gain has influence on the optical signal to noise ratio of the system. The resulting difference in signal power level by fluctuant gain can also cause cross-talk between different channels. When ordinary silica fiber is used as the gain medium of an FRA, its intrinsic Raman gain coefficient g R is small and fluctuant. Its relatively flat spectrum has a width of about 2.3 THz. Moreover, the effective overlap core area A eff of a traditional fiber is almost a constant in C band, the resulting Raman gain efficiency coefficient r R =g R /A eff therefore varies significantly with frequency [7]. With such fiber as gain medium, it is not possible to construct a C band FRA with flat gain spectrum by means of a single pump configuration. A flat gain spectrum is achievable with multiple sources to pump simultaneously at different frequencies and powers [8][9][10]. However, such arrangement significantly increases the complexity of the amplifier so that a comprehensive design strategy is needed to carefully allocate the power levels and wavelengths of the multiple pumps, and to take care of the interactions between channels [11−13]. Drawbacks such as higher cost and lower reliability limit the application of FRA in WDM systems. In order to avoid the above-mentioned difficulties, a novel twin-core photo-nic crystal fiber (NPCF) was proposed as the gain medium of an FRA. With this NPCF, a flat gain spectrum can be achieved with a single pump. A NPCF-RA to operate in C band between 1530 nm-1565 nm was designed. Compared with a standard single mode fiber (SSMF) RA, it was numerically demonstrated that this FRA has a marked improvement in performance. Structure and analysis of NPCFDue to the flexibility in the cross-section structure, PCF has many ...

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Challenges of Raman Amplification

Cited by 37 publications

References 5 publications

Automatic Protection, Restoration, and Survivability of Long-Reach Passive Optical Networks

Automatic Protection, Restoration, and Survivability of Long-Reach Passive Optical Networks

Effect of bending in SMF fibers under high power

C band single pump photonic crystal fiber Raman amplifier

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