Challenges to promoting health for amateur athletes through anti-doping policy

Henning, April

doi:10.1080/09687637.2016.1208732

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…However, there is no clear and universal definition -if it can be found -by which we can characterise this unexplored and desirable identity, let alone the question of what (if anything) anti-doping can do to cultivate the clean athlete identity. Scholars agree that doping is a complex phenomenon (Blank et al, 2016;Englar-Carlson, 2018;Henning 2017;Ntoumanis et al, 2014;Woolf & Mazanov, 2017), so is the landscape of anti-doping rule violations (Chan et al, 2020;Henning & Dimeo, 2014;Petróczi et al, 2017;Pitsch & Gleaves, 2020). Therefore, pinning the definition of 'clean sport' and 'clean athlete identity' on the use of prohibited substances and/or methods -although it serves doping control strategies -is overly simplistic and insufficient for developing education strategies.…”

Section: Clean Is a Value That Protects Against Dopingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding and building clean(er) sport together: Community-based participatory research with elite athletes and anti-doping organisations from five European countries

Petróczi

Heyes

Thrower

et al. 2021

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

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Background:In sport the narrative is changing from anti-doping to pro-clean sport. Yet, our understanding of what 'clean sport' means to athletes is notably absent from the literature.Objectives: Working together with elite athletes and National Anti-Doping Organisations (NADOs), this study explored the meaning and importance of 'clean sport' and 'clean athlete identity'. Design: Community-based participatory research design was employed to explore (a) how elite athletes define clean sport and being a clean athlete; (b) the hopes and challenges associated with clean sport and being a clean athlete; and (c) what can be done in anti-doping to elicit clean sport.Methods: Five elite athletes in five European countries (Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Slovenia and United Kingdom) were recruited as co-researchers by their respective NADOs, trained for their role as co-researchers and individually interviewed. Seventy-seven elite athletes were then purposefully recruited for 12 athlete-led national focus groups. Finally, the five athlete coresearchers and five athlete participants took part in one 2.5-hour long international focus group. Results: Reflexive thematic analysis resulted in generating four overarching themes: 'clean is being true to the self', 'clean performance enhancement has multiple meanings', 'clean is not a solo act' and 'the problems and solutions are systemic'. Collectively, the themes showed that the clean athlete identity is generally rooted in upbringing, early experiences and love of sport; and characterised by continued, intrinsically motivated commitment to fundamental values and morals acquired in childhood. In contrast, the concept of clean performance-enhancement is highly idiosyncratic and flexible. Elite athletes value anti-doping efforts but their experiences of disparity and unfairness in doping control undermine their trust in anti-doping. Conclusion:Clean athlete identity is a social endeavour and artefact, which needs to be reflected in and developed through evidence-informed anti-doping interventions. Raising athletes' voices via co-collaboration and participatory research can be an enriching experience for athletes and researchers alike, and a worthwhile endeavour for sport organisations with responsibility for anti-doping. To make anti-doping education personally relevant, the richness of individual interpretation of 'clean' for the self (i.e., clean athlete identity) and performance-enhancement must be acknowledged, respected and cultivated.

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Section: Clean Is a Value That Protects Against Dopingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding and building clean(er) sport together: Community-based participatory research with elite athletes and anti-doping organisations from five European countries

Petróczi

Heyes

Thrower

et al. 2021

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

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“…Henning [ 2 ] proposed an AD approach based on health promotion in amateur-level sports. Such an approach relies on providing general AD education.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of anti-doping education and doping control experience on anti-doping knowledge in Japanese university athletes: a cross-sectional study

Murofushi

Kawata

Kamimura

et al. 2018

Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy

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BackgroundThis study was conducted to elucidate the anti-doping (AD) education, doping control experience, and AD knowledge according to the World Anti-doping Code (Code) of Japanese university athletes.MethodsWe collected data from 514 male athletes (Mage = 19.53 years, SD = 1.13) and 629 female athletes (Mage = 20.99 years, SD = 1.07). We asked them about their experience undergoing doping control and the AD education they had received. Then, we assessed their AD knowledge using the World Anti-Doping Agency’s Athlete Learning Program about Health and AD (ALPHA) test.ResultsThe results showed that 2.54% of the participants had undergone doping control. Further, 30.10% received AD education at least once, and 20.82% received AD education more than once. When comparing the ALPHA scores of athletes with/without doping test experience, we observed no significant difference. However, the ALPHA scores of athletes with/without AD education were significantly different; specifically, athletes who received AD education more than once had significantly higher ALPHA scores than non-educated athletes.ConclusionThese results revealed that doping control experience was not related to AD knowledge and that AD education was associated with AD knowledge, suggesting that athletes who receive AD education more than once have more accurate AD knowledge than less educated athletes on this topic. The importance of AD education in promoting understanding of AD according to the Code in sports is highlighted in this study.

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“…Anti-doping education can help bridge gaps in awareness and information. From the point of view of protecting the health of all athletes, particularly top-level athletes who are most likely to be subjected to doping control, 29) a precautionary educational approach in a suitable format is required.…”

Section: The Issue Of Supplement Intake By Athletes In Recent Yearsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports and Anti-doping: Toward a Clean Sports Environment

Murofushi

2020

Juntendo Medical Journal

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Recently, the anti-doping movement has worked to improve the image of sports. Historically, doping inspection was implemented as a deterrent. A serious problem in recent years has been the violation of anti-doping regulations through intake of supplements mixed with prohibited substances. Unlike prescribed medications with clear ingredients, there are no international rules governing the manufacture of supplements or labelling of their ingredients. If the results of the doping control process are presumptive positive, a hearing will be arranged where athletes can present their case; however, insufficient labeling is not considered a good defense in itself. Code 2015, the current anti-doping rule, emphasizes the role and responsibilities of athletes and if a banned substance is present in the body it is a violation of this rule, whether intentionally or not. Recent studies have found that Japanese university athletes are generally lacking in anti-doping knowledge, as well as a lack of medical knowledge and little recognition of their responsibilities as athletes. Given these circumstances, anti-doping education has started to shift from a"deterrent approach"aimed at detecting fraud to a"preventive approach" aimed at inculcating the importance of ethics in sports. There are also guidelines to ensure that these lessons are learned as soon as possible. Code 2021, to be enacted in 2021, is the first time that International Standards for Education (ISE) will be formulated. Education to further raise awareness of anti-doping by developing ISE is also expected.

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Challenges to promoting health for amateur athletes through anti-doping policy

Cited by 16 publications

References 46 publications

Understanding and building clean(er) sport together: Community-based participatory research with elite athletes and anti-doping organisations from five European countries

Understanding and building clean(er) sport together: Community-based participatory research with elite athletes and anti-doping organisations from five European countries

Impact of anti-doping education and doping control experience on anti-doping knowledge in Japanese university athletes: a cross-sectional study

Sports and Anti-doping: Toward a Clean Sports Environment

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