Challenges towards the Sustainability and Enhancement of the Indian Sundarban Mangrove’s Blue Carbon Stock

Abstract

The Sundarban is the world’s largest contiguous mangrove forest and stores around 26.62 Tg of blue carbon. The present study reviewed the factors causing a decline in its blue carbon content and poses a challenge in enhancing the carbon stock of this region. This review emphasized that recurrent tropical cyclones, soil erosion, freshwater scarcity, reduced sediment load into the delta, nutrient deficiency, salt-stress-induced changes in species composition, mangrove clearing, and anthropogenic pollution are the fundamental drivers which can potentially reduce the total blue carbon stock of this region. The southern end of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta that shelters this forest has stopped its natural progradation due to inadequate sediment flow from the upper reaches. Growing population pressure from the north of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve and severe erosion in the southern end accentuated by regional sea-level rise has left minimal options to enhance the blue carbon stock by extending the forest premises. This study collated the scholarly observations of the past decades from this region, indicating a carbon sequestration potential deterioration. By collecting the existing knowledge base, this review indicated the aspects that require immediate attention to stop this ecosystem’s draining of the valuable carbon sequestered and, at the same time, enhance the carbon stock, if possible. This review provided some key recommendations that can help sustain the blue carbon stock of the Indian Sundarban. This review stressed that characterizing the spatial variability of blue carbon with more sampling points, catering to the damaged trees after tropical cyclones, estuarine rejuvenation in the upper reaches, maintaining species diversity through afforestation programs, arresting coastal erosion through increasing sediment flow, and combating marine pollution have become urgent needs of the hour. The observations synthesized in this study can be helpful for academics, policy managers, and decision makers willing to uphold the sustainability of the blue carbon stock of this crucial ecosystem.

Carbon farming: a circular framework to augment CO2 sinks and to combat climate change

“…Sundarbans, a vast mangrove forest covering approximately 10 000 square kilometers in India, serves as a crucial ecological entity by acting as a carbon sink, effectively sequestering 0.036 GT of CO 2 from the atmosphere. 144 In response to this environmental challenge, the Global Peatlands Initiative, led by UN Environment, aims to unite nations and partners to protect peatlands as the most significant terrestrial organic carbon resource worldwide, thereby mitigating emissions and revitalizing an essential ecosystem that provides numerous services for people, the planet, and climate.…”

A Systematic Review and Global Trends on Blue Carbon and Sustainable Development: A Bibliometric Study from 2012 to 2023

“…A crucial component of the improvement of blue carbon sinks in China's reclamation history districts was coastal management practices (the size of industry and population control, balanced fertilization techniques in reclamation areas, and maintaining adequate vegetation cover in reserves) [147]. The fundamental drivers for reducing the total blue carbon stock of the Sundarban, the world's largest contiguous mangrove forest, are recurrent tropical cyclones, soil erosion, anthropogenic pollution, and so on [253]. Plantations of iteroparous mangrove species may provide an effective solution to these challenges [254].…”

Geomorphologic Changes and Ethnobotany Losses of Indian Sundarbans in Anthropocene

“…Remote sensing (RS) is one of the proper tools for mapping and monitoring inaccessible topography, and natural resources [24][25][26][27][28]. The on-ground survey is hard, time-consuming, and laborious in mangrove tidal swamps, Remote sensing (RS) methodology can be conducted for the mapping and monitoring of the ground truthing and up-to-date information [29,30,21].…”