“…Thus, BIDs are presented to be guardians of the ideal (or vision) of the “European City.” This vision is closely linked to a traditional imagination of dense, organically evolved, historical, and democratic places and opposed to a car-friendly and space-consuming urban sprawl. The traditional inner-city shopping district, it is argued, is increasingly competing against “uniformly managed temples to consumerism” (Prey and Vollmer 2009, p. 239). Inner-city shopping districts, thus, are equated with a historical sense of place, with the public sphere and an idealized history of civic emancipation.…”