Change in Tear Film Characteristics in Visual Display Terminal Users

Yazıcı, Alper; Sarı, Esin Söğütlü; Şahin, Gözde; Kılıç, Adil; Çakmak, Harun; Ayar, Orhan; Ermiş, Sıtkı Samet

doi:10.5301/ejo.5000525

Cited by 62 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…14 TBUT was significantly increased in the computer users as compared to nonusers which is in accordance with various studies by Yagizi et al, Bhargava et al and Unlo et al 9,10,13 In the current study slit lamp based TMH was significantly higher in computer users as compared to non users which is quite contradictory but can be explained by the fact that slit lamp bright light can lead to reflex tearing. Pallikaru et al hypothesized that the increase in tear meniscus volume was compensated by an increase in output resulting from blinking.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Evaluation of impact of computer usage on various tear parameters in normal healthy tertiary hospital based population in Uttarakhand, India

Raj

Dhasmana

Bahadur

2016

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Evaluation of impact of computer usage on various tear parameters in normal healthy tertiary hospital based population in Uttarakhand, India

Raj

Dhasmana

Bahadur

2016

Int J Community Med Public Health

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“…In the study by Nakamura et al of office workers in Japan, a decreased Schirmer score was evident for those working on computers for longer than two hours per day or for more than four years of use. Reduced Schirmer scores have been reported after a nine‐hour day in computer users compared to non‐computer users (janitors) and in a study of female habitual computer users compared to female workers in the same offices who were not computer users . Reduced tear meniscus height was similarly reported after 20 minutes of playing a computer game when compared to viewing of a distant object, but the tear meniscus height did not vary between a slow‐paced and a fast‐paced game …”

Section: Blinking Tear Function and Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 94%

“…Reduced tear break‐up time occurs with computer use . Reduced tear break‐up time and lipid layer thickness have been shown after as little as 20 and 60 minutes of playing a computer game (both slow‐paced and fast‐paced), although an earlier study did not find a difference in tear break‐up time after 10 minutes .…”

Section: Blinking Tear Function and Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 95%

Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know

Jaiswal

Asper

Long

et al. 2019

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

217

195

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Smartphone and tablet use in Australia and worldwide is reaching saturation levels and associated visual and ocular discomfort such as headaches, eyestrain, dry eyes and sore eyes are widespread. This review synthesises the available literature and considers these symptoms in the context of a binocular vision and/or ocular surface aetiology. Eye discomfort with smartphones and tablets is discussed alongside similar symptoms reported with desktop computer use. Handheld devices differ from computers in viewing position and distance, screen size and luminance, and patterns of use. Accommodation is altered with handheld device use, with increased lag and decreased amplitude. Smartphone and tablet use results in reduced fusional convergence and possibly a receded near point of convergence. This is similar to what happens with computer use. Findings related to blink rate with smartphone and tablet use are contradictory, perhaps due to the influence of task difficulty, and there is limited evidence related to blink amplitude. Reduced blink rate and amplitude are consistently reported with computer use. Use of handheld digital devices, like computers, may adversely impact tear stability. There is insufficient evidence to support the impact of handheld devices on tear volume, although this is reduced with computer use. The available literature does not conclusively link eye and visual discomfort symptoms reported with handheld digital devices, with changes in binocular vision, blinking or ocular surface. However, there is a gap in our understanding of symptoms which occur with smartphone and tablet use in the context of how these devices are used. In addition, studies are required in high users such as teenagers, and in patients with dry eye or accommodative/ binocular vision anomalies, all of whom may have a higher risk of symptoms. A better understanding of symptom aetiology can guide clinical advice to minimise adverse impacts on visual and ocular surface health and discomfort.

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“…Up to 27.4% of VDU users reportedly have high tear osmolarity levels [613]. Kojima et al [614] reported that long-term VDU users (using digital devices more than 4 h per day) exhibited a significantly reduced TMH and increased symptom scores compared to short-term VDU users and controls.…”

Section: Non-pathophysiological Factors Impacting the Tear Filmmentioning

confidence: 99%

TFOS DEWS II Tear Film Report

et al. 2017

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The members of the Tear Film Subcommittee reviewed the role of the tear film in dry eye disease (DED). The Subcommittee reviewed biophysical and biochemical aspects of tears and how these change in DED. Clinically, DED is characterized by loss of tear volume, more rapid breakup of the tear film and increased evaporation of tears from the ocular surface. The tear film is composed of many substances including lipids, proteins, mucins and electrolytes. All of these contribute to the integrity of the tear film but exactly how they interact is still an area of active research. Tear film osmolarity increases in DED. Changes to other components such as proteins and mucins can be used as biomarkers for DED. The Subcommittee recommended areas for future research to advance our understanding of the tear film and how this changes with DED. The final report was written after review by all Subcommittee members and the entire TFOS DEWS II membership.

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Change in Tear Film Characteristics in Visual Display Terminal Users

Abstract: Both symptoms and signs of dry eye increased significantly with computer use. Approximately 1 of every 3-4 computer users was found to have dry eye with higher tear osmolarity values.

Cited by 62 publications

References 27 publications

Evaluation of impact of computer usage on various tear parameters in normal healthy tertiary hospital based population in Uttarakhand, India

Evaluation of impact of computer usage on various tear parameters in normal healthy tertiary hospital based population in Uttarakhand, India

Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know

TFOS DEWS II Tear Film Report

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