“…Pimmler & Eppinger (1994) used static DSMs to identify and examine alternative product architectures and described four types of interactions referred as spatial (S), material (M), energy (E), and information (I) between the decomposed entities along with the quantification scheme that facilitated weighing interactions amongst them, as shown in Figure 4a. Many researchers (Otto & Wood, 2001;Rahmani & Thomson, 2012;Hamraz et al, 2013;Uddin et al, 2015) have adopted and (Sosa et al, 2003;Jarratt et al, 2004) extended this four-interaction taxonomy. For example, Sosa et al (2003) extended the four-exchange taxonomy with an introduction of fifth type as 'structural' (P) that indicated the requirements related to transferring loads or containment between two interfacing entities.…”