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RESUMOO objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a diferença entre sexos na competência motora (CM) avaliada por produto e processo do movimento, e analisar o efeito da maturação como uma covariável influenciando a CM de rapazes e moças. A amostra foi composta por 50 adolescentes (28 rapazes), com idade entre 11 e 17 anos (14,02±2,49), provenientes de duas escolas públicas. A CM foi avaliada em três habilidades (salto horizontal, saltito e arremesso sobre o ombro), por meio de medidas orientadas ao processo (sequências desenvolvimentais por componentes corporais) e ao produto do movimento (distância, tempo e velocidade, respectivamente). A maturação foi avaliada com o pico de crescimento em estatura (PCE). Diferenças entre os sexos foram avaliadas com a ANOVA One-Way e, posteriormente, a ANCOVA, utilizando o PCE como covariável. Os rapazes tiveram melhor CM em todas as habilidades nas medidas de produto do movimento e na maioria dos componentes corporais, que mediram o processo do movimento. Após a utilização do PCE como covariável, a magnitude da diferença entre os sexos aumentou na maioria das habilidades motoras para ambos os tipos de medida, favorecendo os rapazes. Considerando o efeito da maturação sobre a diferença entre os sexos na CM, ressaltamos a necessidade de observar a maturação ao examinar a CM na adolescência. Palavras-chave: Desempenho psicomotor. Desenvolvimento motor. Adolescentes. ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate differences between sexes in motor competence (MC) by product-and process-oriented assessments, and examine the effect of maturation as a covariate influencing the MC of boys and girls. The sample comprised 50 adolescents (28 boys), aged 11-17 years (14.02 ± 2.49), from two public schools. The MC was evaluated in three skills (standing long jump, hop and throw) by process-(developmental sequences for body components) and product-oriented assessments (distance, time and speed, respectively). Maturation was evaluated with the peak height velocity (PHV). Sex differences were evaluated using ANOVA and, subsequently, ANCOVA, considering the PHV as a covariate. Boys had better MC in all the skills for product-oriented assessment, and most of body components for process-oriented assessment. After using the PHV as a covariate, the magnitude of differences between sexes increased in most of motor skills for both types of assessments, favoring boys. Considering the effect of maturation on the difference between the sexes in the MC, we emphasize the need to observe the maturation while studying the MC during adolescence. Keywords: Psychomotor performance. Motor development. Adolescents. IntroduçãoO termo competência motora (CM) tem sido usado para descrever movimentos dirigidos a metas que envolvam controle e coordenação do corpo humano 1,2 . Um crescente corpo de evidências tem ressaltado a importância da CM para manutenção de uma boa saúde, uma vez que elevada CM está associada a maiores níveis de atividade física 3,4 e aptidão física 1,5 , além da manutenção de um peso saudável ...
RESUMOO objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a diferença entre sexos na competência motora (CM) avaliada por produto e processo do movimento, e analisar o efeito da maturação como uma covariável influenciando a CM de rapazes e moças. A amostra foi composta por 50 adolescentes (28 rapazes), com idade entre 11 e 17 anos (14,02±2,49), provenientes de duas escolas públicas. A CM foi avaliada em três habilidades (salto horizontal, saltito e arremesso sobre o ombro), por meio de medidas orientadas ao processo (sequências desenvolvimentais por componentes corporais) e ao produto do movimento (distância, tempo e velocidade, respectivamente). A maturação foi avaliada com o pico de crescimento em estatura (PCE). Diferenças entre os sexos foram avaliadas com a ANOVA One-Way e, posteriormente, a ANCOVA, utilizando o PCE como covariável. Os rapazes tiveram melhor CM em todas as habilidades nas medidas de produto do movimento e na maioria dos componentes corporais, que mediram o processo do movimento. Após a utilização do PCE como covariável, a magnitude da diferença entre os sexos aumentou na maioria das habilidades motoras para ambos os tipos de medida, favorecendo os rapazes. Considerando o efeito da maturação sobre a diferença entre os sexos na CM, ressaltamos a necessidade de observar a maturação ao examinar a CM na adolescência. Palavras-chave: Desempenho psicomotor. Desenvolvimento motor. Adolescentes. ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate differences between sexes in motor competence (MC) by product-and process-oriented assessments, and examine the effect of maturation as a covariate influencing the MC of boys and girls. The sample comprised 50 adolescents (28 boys), aged 11-17 years (14.02 ± 2.49), from two public schools. The MC was evaluated in three skills (standing long jump, hop and throw) by process-(developmental sequences for body components) and product-oriented assessments (distance, time and speed, respectively). Maturation was evaluated with the peak height velocity (PHV). Sex differences were evaluated using ANOVA and, subsequently, ANCOVA, considering the PHV as a covariate. Boys had better MC in all the skills for product-oriented assessment, and most of body components for process-oriented assessment. After using the PHV as a covariate, the magnitude of differences between sexes increased in most of motor skills for both types of assessments, favoring boys. Considering the effect of maturation on the difference between the sexes in the MC, we emphasize the need to observe the maturation while studying the MC during adolescence. Keywords: Psychomotor performance. Motor development. Adolescents. IntroduçãoO termo competência motora (CM) tem sido usado para descrever movimentos dirigidos a metas que envolvam controle e coordenação do corpo humano 1,2 . Um crescente corpo de evidências tem ressaltado a importância da CM para manutenção de uma boa saúde, uma vez que elevada CM está associada a maiores níveis de atividade física 3,4 e aptidão física 1,5 , além da manutenção de um peso saudável ...
Objectives: The aims of this study were (1) to identify the timing of the midgrowth spurt (MGS) in stature in children and (2) to identify gross motor coordination (GMC) spurts when aligned by the age of attainment of the MGS (aMGS). Methods: Stature, weight, and GMC were measured in 245 Portuguese children followed annually from 6 to 10 years. GMC was assessed and to estimate children's MGS in stature as well as GMC spurts in each of the four tests aligned by aMGS, we used a nonsmoothed polynomial methodology. Results: In boys, the aMGS was attained at 7.8 years, whereas in girls it was 8.0 years.In boys, the peak MGS was 6.2 cmÁyr −1 and in girls it was 6.4 cmÁyr −1 . In boys, the peak for walking backwards (WB) occurred 18 months before aMGS (14.9-pointsÁyr −1 ), jumping sideways (JS) was 12 months after aMGS (13.5-pointsÁyr −1 ), hopping on one leg (HO) was 18 months before aMGS (11.7-pointsÁyr −1 ), and shifting platform (SP) was 12 months before aMGS (6.8-pointsÁyr −1 ). In girls, WB spurts occurred 12 months after aMGS (13.3-pointsÁyr −1 ), JS was 12 months before aMGS (10.5-pointsÁyr −1 ), HO was coincident with aMGS (10.4-pointsÁyr −1 ), and SP was 18 as well as 12 months before aMGS (7.2-pointsÁyr −1 ). No differences were observed in the mean peak spurts between sexes in the GMC tests. Conclusions: Boys and girls reached their MGS in stature at about the same chronological age. Spurts in GMC did not express themselves in the same biological timing relative to aMGS in stature, and there are sex differences.
Introduction In 2008, a conceptual model explaining the role of motor competence (MC) in children’s physical activity (PA), weight status, perceived MC and health-related fitness was published. Objective The purpose of the current review was to systematically compile mediation, longitudinal and experimental evidence in support of this conceptual model. Methods This systematic review (registered with PROSPERO on 28 April 2020) was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Separate searches were undertaken for each pathway of interest (final search 8 November 2019) using CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Medline (OVID), PsycINFO, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus and SportDiscus. Potential articles were initially identified through abstract and title checking (N = 585) then screened further and combined into one review (n = 152), with 43 articles identified for extraction. Studies needed to be original and peer reviewed, include typically developing children and adolescents first assessed between 2 and 18 years and objective assessment of gross MC and at least one other variable (i.e., PA, weight status, perceived MC, health-related fitness). PA included sport participation, but sport-specific samples were excluded. Longitudinal or experimental designs and cross-sectional mediated models were sought. Strength of evidence was calculated for each pathway in both directions for each domain (i.e., skill composite, object control and locomotor/coordination/stability) by dividing the proportion of studies indicating a significantly positive pathway in the hypothesised direction by the total associations examined for that pathway. Classifications were no association (0–33%), indeterminate/inconsistent (34–59%), or a positive ‘+’ or negative ‘ − ’ association (≥ 60%). The latter category was classified as strong evidence (i.e., ++or −−) when four or more studies found an association. If the total number of studies in a domain of interest was three or fewer, this was considered insufficient evidence to make a determination. Results There was strong evidence in both directions for a negative association between MC and weight status. There was strong positive evidence for a pathway from MC to fitness and indeterminate evidence for the reverse. There was indeterminate evidence for a pathway from MC to PA and no evidence for the reverse pathway. There was insufficient evidence for the MC to perceived MC pathway. There was strong positive evidence for the fitness-mediated MC/PA pathway in both directions. There was indeterminate evidence for the perceived MC-mediated pathway from PA to MC and no evidence for the reverse. Conclusion Bidirectional longitudinal associations of MC with weight status are consistent with the model authored by Stodden et al. (Quest 2008;60(2):290–306, 2008). However, to test the whole model, the field needs robust longitudinal studies across childhood and adolescence that include all variables in the model, have multiple time points and account for potential confounding factors. Furthermore, experimental studies that examine change in MC relative to change in the other constructs are needed. Trial Registrations PROSPERO ID# CRD42020155799.
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