Changes in 3D joint dynamics during the first 5 months after the onset of independent walking: A longitudinal follow-up study

Hallemans, Ann; Clercq, Dirk De; Aerts, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.10.003

Cited by 79 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…(For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) [18][19][20][21][22] sagittal plane. Three-dimensional marker coordinate data were used to calculate the distance between the COP and bony landmarks of the foot (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hallemans et al [4,5,21] showed that at the earliest stages of locomotor development, young children exhibit flat foot contact (FFC), in which the heel, midfoot, and metatarsals simultaneously experience peak pressure at touchdown. At later stages of development, children use an initial heel contact (IHC), during which peak pressure is roughly under the heel at touchdown [4,5,21] the peak forces and impact transients experienced during these early stages of walking and how they may affect calcaneal morphology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At later stages of development, children use an initial heel contact (IHC), during which peak pressure is roughly under the heel at touchdown [4,5,21] the peak forces and impact transients experienced during these early stages of walking and how they may affect calcaneal morphology. In this study, we investigate how initial heel contact configuration (FFC and IHC) influences the position of the COP and the magnitude and orientation of the GRFr at touchdown, at the time of vertical impact peak, and at the time of braking peak.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ontogenetic changes in foot strike pattern and calcaneal loading during walking in young children

et al. 2018

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A B S T R A C TThe assumption that the morphology of the human calcaneus reflects high and cyclical impact forces at heel strike during adult human walking has never been experimentally tested. Since a walking step with a heel strike is an emergent behavior in children, an ontogenetic study provides a natural experiment to begin testing the relationship between the mechanics of heel strike and calcaneal anatomy. This study examined the ground reaction forces (GRFs) of stepping in children to determine the location of the center of pressure (COP) relative to the calcaneus and the orientation and magnitude of ground reaction forces during foot contact. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were analyzed for 18 children ranging in age from 11.5 to 43.1 months. Early steppers used a flat foot contact (FFC) and experienced relatively high vertical and resultant GRFs with COP often anterior to the calcaneus. More experienced walkers used an initial heel contact (IHC) in which GRFs were significantly lower but the center of pressure remained under the heel a greater proportion of time. Thus, during FFC the foot experienced higher loading, but the heel itself was relatively wider and the load was distributed more evenly. In IHC walkers load was concentrated on the anterior calcaneus and a narrower heel, suggesting a need for increased calcaneal robusticity during development to mitigate injury. These results provide new insight into foot loading outside of typical mature contact patterns, inform structure-function relationships during development, and illuminate potential causes of heel injury in young walkers.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ontogenetic changes in foot strike pattern and calcaneal loading during walking in young children

et al. 2018

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“…A literatura (Beck et al,1981;Hallemans et al, 2006b) reporta que para se estudar o desenvolvimento do andar infantil é necessário o controle da velocidade, a fim de se assegurar que as mudanças observadas sejam devidas ao nível de desenvolvimento e não as diferenças nas velocidades alcançadas. Entretanto, quando estamos no ambiente laboratorial nem sempre é possível uma boa colaboração da criança e, nesses casos, tanto o controle rigoroso da velocidade, quanto a 364 realização bem sucedida da tentativa nem sempre ocorrem concomitantemente.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…As forças de reação do solo da marcha infantil têm sido muito estudadas para fins descritivos (Takegami, 1992;Preis et al, 1997;White et al, 1999;Hallemans et al, 2006b), porém poucos estudos têm enfatizado uma abordagem longitudinal e acompanhado as mudanças que ocorrem nessas variáveis na fase inicial da aquisição do andar independente.…”

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Estudo da variabilidade das forças de reação do solo na aquisição do andar independente em bebês

Levada

Costa

2012

Motriz: rev. educ. fis.

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A aquisição da marcha pode ser considerada como o principal desafio a ser superado durante o desenvolvimento motor de um bebê (Winter, 1991). Com aproximadamente um ano de idade, bebês adotam a posição ereta e são capazes de realizar os primeiros passos independentemente (Sutherland, 1997;Grimshaw et al., 1998). O padrão do andar nessa fase está continuamente desafiado pelas características do campo gravitacional, além de ser influenciado pela carência de força muscular, por dificuldades no equilíbrio e no controle dos movimentos (Hallemans et al., 2005). Os primeiros 4-5 meses de experiência do andar independente compõem a chamada fase de transição em que o bebê aprende a coordenar sua postura na posição vertical e o movimento dos segmentos corporais em progressão para frente (Bril & Brenière, 1992). Nesta fase de transição, o padrão de marcha da criança é tipicamente instável, apresenta grande variabilidade (Hallemans et al., 2005;Cowgill et al., 2010) e ocorrem frequentes quedas.Variabilidade é uma característica essencial em sistemas biológicos. Na marcha típica, a variabilidade tem sido extensamente descrita em Motriz, Rio Claro, v.18 n.2, p.356-365, abr./jun. 2012 Artigo Original Estudo da variabilidade das forças de reação do solo na aquisição do andar independente em bebês A study of ground reaction forces variability during acquisition of independent gait in toddlersAbstract: This study aimed to describe ground reaction forces' profiles during toddler's gait at the first months of the acquisition phase of independent walking, in order to identify whether there are changes in the ability to propel and balance the body in this dynamic condition. Ten thirteen-month old toddlers volunteered to the study and were evaluated three times in a three-month interval. The toddlers walked over a 5 m long walkway with two force plates fixed at ground level. Vertical and horizontal peak reaction forces and variability coefficients were selected for analysis. To compare the results of the three evaluations ANOVA Friedman's tests were used at 5% level of significance. The walking experience achieved by the toddlers month after month was not sufficient to significantly change the biomechanical selected variables and statistically significant differences were not found for the selected variables along three months. However, a reduction in the variability coefficient for the vertical reaction forces suggests development towards an increasingly mature gait pattern.

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Motor Development

Adolph

Robinson

2015

Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science

147

126

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This chapter provides a synthesis of recent research in motor development. Motor behavior encompasses everything that we do, and therefore is relevant to every branch of psychological science. Our aim is to address central concepts and methodological issues that continue to challenge developmental scientists, and to show how the study of motor behavior can yield fresh insights into the process of development. The chapter is organized into three broad themes that are emblematic of the state of current work on motor development: (1) movements are embodied, and are thus the product of a physical body acting in the real world; (2) behavior is embedded within a physical environment rich with sensory information, and requiring perception for effective action; (3) motor development is enculturated, shaped by cultural practices from caregiving to social norms. We illustrate 10 general developmental concepts within these broad themes using examples drawn from research on humans and animals, with an emphasis on early development, from prenatal through childhood.

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Changes in 3D joint dynamics during the first 5 months after the onset of independent walking: A longitudinal follow-up study

Cited by 79 publications

References 36 publications

Ontogenetic changes in foot strike pattern and calcaneal loading during walking in young children

Ontogenetic changes in foot strike pattern and calcaneal loading during walking in young children

Estudo da variabilidade das forças de reação do solo na aquisição do andar independente em bebês

Motor Development

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