Changes in abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus suis in the stomach, jejunum and ileum of piglets after weaning

Su, Yong; Yao, Wen; Perez-Gutierrez, O.N.; Smidt, Hauke; Zhu, Weiyun

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00529.x

Cited by 104 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…0.7 log 10 less) than those of E. coli, as previously observed by Furet et al (9). These data also are comparable to the concentrations observed in the intestinal tract of piglets that range between 5.6 and 9.3 log 10 cells per g (18,34,37,40). The variability of these concentrations may be explained by the differences in age and diet of the animals (17,18).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Primer sequences and PCR programs used for the quantification of lactobacilli and L. sobrius/amylovorus are described in Su et al (37) and Konstantinov et al (21), respectively. The reaction mixture consisted of 12.5 l of IQ SYBR green Supermix (Bio-Rad), a 200 nM concentration of each primer, 2 l of 1/10 diluted DNA, and 9.5 l of water to reach a final volume of 25 l. E. coli was quantified by the real-time PCR protocol described by Khan et al (15).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Konstantinov et al (21) therefore designed a primer pair that specifically amplifies a fragment of the L. sobrius genome using real-time PCR. Finally, Jakava-Viljanen et al (13) Given the abundance of L. sobrius/amylovorus in piglet feces (19,37) and its systematic presence in raw manure (26), we tested this species as a new marker of pig fecal contamination. The aims of our study were (i) to confirm the specificity of L. sobrius/amylovorus to pig feces by analyzing five host groups (human, pig, cattle, poultry, and sheep), manure and by-products of manure treatment, runoff water, and urban wastewaters, and (ii) to estimate the suitability of this marker to identify pig fecal contamination found in surface waters.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Lactobacillus sobrius/L. amylovorus as a New Microbial Marker of Pig Manure

Marti

Dabert

Ziebal

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Based on a comparison of the dominant microbial populations in 17 pig manure samples and using a molecular typing method, we identified a species, Lactobacillus sobrius and Lactobacillus amylovorus (which now are considered a single species and are designated L. sobrius/amylovorus here), that was consistently found in manure. The aim of the present study was to confirm by real-time PCR the relevance of this species as a marker of pig fecal contamination. The specificity of L. sobrius/amylovorus was evaluated in human and animal DNA extracted from feces. The real-time PCR assay then was applied to water samples, including effluents from urban wastewater treatment plants, runoff water, and rivers. L. sobrius/amylovorus was consistently present in all samples of swine origin: 48 fecal samples, 18 from raw manure and 10 from biologically treated manure at mean concentrations of 7.2, 5.9, and 5.0 log 10 cells/g, respectively. The species was not detected in any of the other livestock feces (38 samples from cattle and 16 from sheep), in the 27 human fecal samples, or in the 13 effluent samples from urban wastewater treatment plants. Finally, L. sobrius/amylovorus was not detected in runoff water contaminated by cattle slurry, but it was quantified at concentrations ranging from 3.7 to 6.5 log 10 cells/100 ml in runoff water collected after pig manure was spread on soil. Among the stream water samples in which cultured Escherichia coli was detected, 23% tested positive for L. sobrius/amylovorus. The results of this study indicate that the quantification of L. sobrius/amylovorus using real-time PCR will be useful for identifying pig fecal contamination in surface waters.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Lactobacillus sobrius/L. amylovorus as a New Microbial Marker of Pig Manure

Marti

Dabert

Ziebal

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The small intestine is a very complex habitat with many different factors shaping the bacterial community. Studies on the ecophysiology (22) and maturation of the porcine ileal microbiota (13,27) indicate a drastic impact directly after weaning and a gradual decline of modifications during the following 2 weeks. Thus, the time point for analysis chosen in this study (14 days postweaning) does reflect a more stable period of the ileal porcine microbiota.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bar-Coded Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA Gene Amplicons Reveals Changes in Ileal Porcine Bacterial Communities Due to High Dietary Zinc Intake

Vahjen

Pieper

Zentek

2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Feeding high levels of zinc oxide to piglets significantly increased the relative abundance of ileal Weissella spp., Leuconostoc spp., and Streptococcus spp., reduced the occurrence of Sarcina spp. and Neisseria spp., and led to numerical increases of all Gram-negative facultative anaerobic genera. High dietary zinc oxide intake has a major impact on the porcine ileal bacterial composition.Zinc oxide (ZnO) is used as a feed additive for diarrhea prophylaxis in piglets (23). However, the mode of action of ZnO is not fully understood. Besides its effects on the host (10,30,31), high dietary zinc levels may affect the diversity of intestinal microbial communities (2,11,20). The prevention of postweaning diarrhea in piglets due to high dietary ZnO intake may not be directly related to a reduction of pathogenic E. coli (8) but, rather, to the diversity of the coliform community (15). Studies on the impact of high ZnO levels on the porcine ileal bacterial community are scarce but nevertheless important, as bacterial diarrhea is initiated in the small intestine (9, 17). The small intestine is a very complex habitat with many different factors shaping the bacterial community. Studies on the ecophysiology (22) and maturation of the porcine ileal microbiota (13, 27) indicate a drastic impact directly after weaning and a gradual decline of modifications during the following 2 weeks. Thus, the time point for analysis chosen in this study (14 days postweaning) does reflect a more stable period of the ileal porcine microbiota. In this study, we used bar-coded pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes to gain further insight into the mode of action of pharmacological levels of ZnO in the gastrointestinal tract of young pigs.Total DNA was extracted from the ileal digesta of 40-to 42-day-old piglets using a commercial kit (Qiagen stool kit; Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and PCR amplified with unique bar-coded primer sets targeting the V1-to-V3 and the V6-to-V8 hypervariable regions (see the supplemental material for detailed methods). The rationale behind this approach was derived from the fact that no single "universal" primer pair can completely cover a complex bacterial habitat (4,24,32,33). Furthermore, these studies also show that in silico information on the coverage of selected primer sets diverges from empirical results, and hence, two hypervariable regions were chosen in this study to maximize the detection of phylogenetically diverse bacterial groups.Equimolar dilutions of all samples were combined into one master sample. Pyrosequencing was performed by Agowa (Berlin, Germany) on a Roche genome sequencer FLX system using a Titanium series PicoTiterPlate. The resulting data files were uploaded to the MG-RAST server (http://metagenomics .nmpdr.org/) (19) and processed with its SEED software tool using the RDP database (5) as the reference database. After automated sequence analysis, all sequences with less than five identical reads per sample were deleted in order to increase the confidence of sequence reads and reduce bias from possi...

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“…This period, and other stressful mixing events during their lives, is probably important as the point at which pigs pick up important zoonotic pathogens, such as S. enterica, but also Streptococcus suis (Su et al, 2008). It is likely that appropriate probiotic treatments: whether as direct fed microbials or fermented liquid feed will be useful in reducing the burden of pig pathogens.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotics – do they have a role in the pig industry?

Kenny

Smidt

Mengheri

et al. 2011

Animal

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The delivery of certain living microorganisms in food has long been suggested as having positive health effects in humans. This practice has extended into food animal production, with a variety of microorganisms being used; lactic acid bacteria, variousBacillusspecies and the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaehave been particularly used in the pig industry. The increased interest in probiotics is essentially due to the problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics and following the ban of the use of antibiotics in animal production, probiotics being considered an alternative means to reduce pathogen infection and improve animal health especially around the time of weaning. However, there is still a need to clarify the probiotic effectiveness in pigs, and the underlying mechanisms. When assessing the efficacy of probiotics one must consider the particular strain of organism being used and the production stage of the pigs being treated. The reproducible delivery of probiotics in industrial pig production is problematic as maintenance of viability is key to their beneficial activity, but difficult to achieve with commonly used feed processing technologies. One specific context where probiotics organisms may be reliably delivered is in systems utilising fermented liquid feeds. Liquid feed may be fermented by the activity of wild lactic acid bacteria or may be stimulated using specific isolates as ‘starters’; the latter system has advantages in terms of reproducibility and speed of fermentation. The farm context in which the organism is used is likely to be critical; the use of probiotics is more likely to result in measurable economic gains in animals living in sub-optimal conditions rather than in those reared in the highest welfare and husbandry conditions. The establishment of a beneficial lactic acid bacteria population at birth may lead to healthier animals, this may be most effectively achieved by treating sows, which provide an amplification step and flood the neonatal pigs’ environment with desirable bacterial strains. In contrast, it may be sufficient to provide a supportive, protective microbiota around the time of weaning as this is a time of major crisis with instability and loss of certain bacterial populations.

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Changes in abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus suis in the stomach, jejunum and ileum of piglets after weaning

Cited by 104 publications

References 45 publications

Evaluation of Lactobacillus sobrius/L. amylovorus as a New Microbial Marker of Pig Manure

Evaluation of Lactobacillus sobrius/L. amylovorus as a New Microbial Marker of Pig Manure

Bar-Coded Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA Gene Amplicons Reveals Changes in Ileal Porcine Bacterial Communities Due to High Dietary Zinc Intake

Probiotics – do they have a role in the pig industry?

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