Changes in alveolar carbon dioxide tension by night and during sleep

Mills, J. N.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp004979

Cited by 43 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…These differences, indicative of a mild respiratory acidosis, were apparent not only during sleep but even during the control period when the sleep subjects were awake. Comparable changes have been observed previously during sleep (2,21), and Mills (22) has found elevations of alveolar carbon dioxide tension during the night or early morning irrespective of whether the subjects were awake or asleep. He attributes these changes to a normal diurnal rhythm in alveolar carbon dioxide tension which is independent of sleep.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Despite the evidence of respiratory depression, no significant anoxemia was observed in these subjects, nor was it to be expected. As Mills has also observed in his studies (22), the degree of carbon dioxide retention was insufficient to account for any appreciable fall in arterial-oxygen saturation, certainly not to the levels on which Doust and Schneider (10) based their anoxemic theory of sleep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Effects of Sleep and Lack of Sleep on the Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism of Normal Young Men 1

Mangold¹,

Sokoloff²,

Conner³

et al. 1955

J. Clin. Invest.

184

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

The Effects of Sleep and Lack of Sleep on the Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism of Normal Young Men 1

Mangold¹,

Sokoloff²,

Conner³

et al. 1955

J. Clin. Invest.

184

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“…In these conditions, breathing rate has been observed to retain some circadian oscillations (Sˇtefikova´et al 1986;Stephenson et al 2000;Vargas et al 2001), but because these oscillations are small and tidal volume (V T ) is quite variable, the amplitude of the V _ E circadian pattern is hardly discernable . During constant routine conditions P A CO 2 oscillates very little throughout the 24 h, within 1-2 mmHg (Mills 1953;Stephenson et al 2000;Vargas et al 2001). Because P A CO 2 reflects the coupling between carbon dioxide production (V _ CO 2 ) and alveolar ventilation (V _ A ) 5 , and because this latter is a good reflection of V _ E , all these observations indicate that, in humans under the normal L:D regime with alternation of sleep and wakefulness, the circadian changes in V _ E are mediated almost exclusively by the changes in the state of arousal.…”

Section: Circadian Pattern Of Pulmonary Ventilation: Measurements Andmentioning

confidence: 96%

Breathing around the clock: an overview of the circadian pattern of respiration

Mortola

2004

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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This article reviews human and animal studies about the circadian patterns of physiological variables involved with the respiratory function. Some measures reflecting the mechanical properties of the lungs, such as functional residual capacity, forced expiratory volumes and airway resistance, change periodically with the time of the day. Also resting pulmonary ventilation (V(E)), tidal volume, and breathing rate follow circadian patterns. In humans, these patterns occur independently of the daily changes in activity, whereas, to some extent, they are linked to changes in the state of arousal. Differently, in some rodents, the circadian oscillations of the breathing pattern occur independently of the daily rhythms of either activity or state of arousal. Recent measurements of the breathing pattern for unlimited periods of time in undisturbed animals have indicated that the circadian changes occur in close temporal phase with those of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and body temperature. However, none of these variables can fully explain the circadian pattern of breathing, the origin of which remains unclear. Both in humans and in rats the V(E) responses to hypercapnia or hypoxia differ at various times of the day. In rats, the daily differences in V(E) responses are buffered by changes in metabolic rate, such that, unlike humans, the hyperventilation (defined as the increase in ventilation-metabolism ratio) remains constant throughout the 24 h. The presence of a biological clock is a major advantage in the adaptation to the environment, although it forces some variables to deviate periodically from their mean value. In humans, these deviations become apparent in conditions of hypoxia. Hence, a daily time-window exists in which the respiratory system is less capable of responding to challenges, a factor which may contribute to the findings that some cardio-respiratory symptoms and diseases peak at particular times of the day.

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“…Arousal leads to increased ventilation (Bulow & Ingvar, 1961), sleep and retardation to reduced ventilation (Mills, 1953).…”

Section: P Physiological Society April 1976mentioning

confidence: 99%