Changes in arrest policies as a result of court orders against county jails

Welsh, Wayne N.

doi:10.1080/07418829300091721

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In their present form citations have become a formal method of on‐the‐spot justice by police officers with formal legal consequences (Welsh, 1993; Wilson, 1968). Officers may sanction citizens with tickets for minor offences, minor offences that otherwise would not have resulted in arrest (Hirschel and Dean, 1995).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examinations of the use of citations have focused on the impact of the practice on pretrial release (e.g. “failure to appear” rates) (Hirschel and Dean, 1995; Welsh, 1993)[2]. Others have focused on ticketing behavior as a measure of police aggressiveness and whether citation issuance impacts crime‐ and disorder‐levels (Campbell and Ross, 1968; Novak et al , 1999; Wilson and Boland, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Police‐citizen encounters and field citations

Brown

Frank

2005

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &Amp; Management

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PurposeTo provide an empirical analysis of what influences police use of field citations (tickets) against citizens in nontraffic and traffic encounters.Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted using systematic social observations of police‐citizen encounters in Cincinnati, Ohio, from April 1997 to 1998. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the effects of legal and extralegal factors on the dependant variable (receipt of a citation) versus an officer doing nothing or arresting a citizen in nontraffic and traffic encounters.FindingsOfficers appear to be more likely to issue citations, as opposed to doing nothing formal or making an arrest, in traffic encounters. The extant literature's focus on citation issuance being more relevant to police behavior in traffic encounters as opposed to other routine encounters may be appropriate. When the decision rests between issuing a citation or making a full‐custody arrest in traffic encounters, white officers are more likely to arrest than their black counterparts, and black suspects were significantly more likely than Caucasians to be arrested than cited. Race of the officer or the suspect exhibited no significant effect in any of the other models estimated.Research limitations/implicationsThe study utilized data collected on police‐citizen interactions from one police agency in one jurisdiction, and the data do not come from a study designed primarily to examine citation outcomes or traffic encounters.Practical implicationsThis study would be useful to researchers examining police use of citations, officer behavior in traffic and nontraffic encounters, quantifying law in police‐citizen encounters, and race‐based policing.Originality/valueThis study provides a comprehensive review of the literature, and an empirical analysis, regarding officer decision making as it pertains to the issuing of tickets relative to other police actions (i.e. arrest) in traffic and nontraffic situations.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Police‐citizen encounters and field citations

Brown

Frank

2005

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &Amp; Management

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“…Jail overcrowding has resulted in court injunctions to limit the populations in many jails. Welsh (1993) reported that 28 percent of American jails in 1990 were under court order to limit their populations. Civil suits on behalf of inmates have also resulted in court orders to improve sanitary conditions, quality of food, medicinal care, recreation facilities, law books, and other features in various corrections facilities across the nation (Champagne, 1983;F.…”

Section: Statement Of the Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretrial Release in Criminal Courts: a Study of Three Oregon Counties

DeGraw¹

2000

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Pretrial release (PTR) is the permanent or temporary freedom from incarceration for criminal defendants awaiting adjjudication of their cases in COI.lrt. From Anglo Saxon times in England, peqple accused: of non-capital crimes were generally permitted to remain free until judi<;ial officials i could hear the charges against them. :In America, pretrial release has be:en advocated by the courts since the coJonial era., The U. S. Constitution requires t.hat bail not be excessive, but leaves gov~~rnments ftee to decide how bail laws are administered. The study briefly traces the historical developments of PTR up to the present time. The study then cente~'s on the PTR process of three Oregon counties~Multnomah, Washington, and Yarylhill) and observes the decisions of jUQges, relea$e assistance officers, and jailers in relation to the release outcomes for a stuc/y group (~~= 619) who were booked into jails of the three !counties in 1993. Background data on defendants in the study include gend~~r, race, the l!:rimes for which they were aqested, criminal history, and the disposition of the current c:harges.

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Luxury brand cars, racial profiling, and citations: Testing the social conditioning model and illusory correlation

Jackson,

Vito

2024

Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice

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This study considers the issue of racial profiling in traffic stop citations for young Hispanic male citizens (YHM), young Black male citizens (YBM), and young White male (YWM) citizens stopped while driving a luxury brand car in either majority white cities or majority Hispanic cities. The current study utilized two different datasets: the Illinois traffic stop data (2016–18) and the 2016 LEMAS. The authors used the social conditioning model and illusory correlation as a theoretical explanation for police officer decision-making. The current findings show evidence of racial profiling only for stops involving YHM drivers stopped in majority white cities while driving a luxury brand car for either a safety stop or an investigatory stop ending in a citation. No evidence of racial profiling was found for either YBM drivers stopped in majority white cities or for either YBM drivers or YWM drivers stopped in majority Hispanic cities.

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Changes in arrest policies as a result of court orders against county jails

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

Police‐citizen encounters and field citations

Police‐citizen encounters and field citations

Pretrial Release in Criminal Courts: a Study of Three Oregon Counties

Luxury brand cars, racial profiling, and citations: Testing the social conditioning model and illusory correlation

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