Changes in Beneficial C-glycosylflavones and Policosanol Content in Wheat and Barley Sprouts Subjected to Differential LED Light Conditions

Abstract

The spectral quality and intensity of light, photoperiodism, and other environmental factors have profound impacts on the metabolic composition of light-dependent higher plants. Hence, we investigate the effects of fluorescent light (96 μmol m−2s−1) and white (100 μmol m−2s−1), blue (100 μmol m−2s−1), and red (93 μmol m−2s−1) light-emitting diode (LED) light irradiation on the C-glycosylflavone and policosanol contents in young seedlings of wheat and barley. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analyses of C-glycosylflavone contents in barley reveal that the saponarin content is significantly enhanced under blue LED light irradiation. Under similar conditions, isoorientin and isoschaftoside contents are improved in wheat seedlings. The contents of these C-glycosylflavones differed along with the light quality and growth period. The highest accumulation was observed in sprouts after three days under blue LED light irradiation. GC/MS analyses of policosanol contents showed that 1-hexacosanol (C26:o–OH) in barley and 1-octacosanol (C28:o–OH) in wheat seedlings were reduced under LED light irradiation, compared to seedlings under fluorescent light conditions. Nonetheless, the policosanol contents gradually improved with the extension of growth times and treatments, irrespective of the light quality. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between the expression pattern of biosynthesis-related genes and the respective metabolite content in barley. This study demonstrates that blue LED light irradiation is useful in maximizing the C-glycosylflavone content in barley and wheat sprouts.

Supplemental Blue Light Frequencies Improve Ripening and Nutritional Qualities of Tomato Fruits

“…Phenolic compounds of buckwheat sprouts showed higher accumulation under blue light than other lights, with higher expression of the FtPAL , FtF3’H , FtC4H , FtCHI , FtFLS-2 , and FtANS , which were responsible for flavonoids accumulation increased dramatically ( Thwe et al, 2014 ). Similarly, compared with white and red LED irradiation, blue LED (470 nm, 100 μmol m –2 s –1 ) resulted in a significant increase in the contents of C-glycosylflavone (saponarin, isoorientin, and isoschaftoside) and saponarin, which constituted the major portion of flavonoids detected in barley and wheat sprouts ( Muthusamy et al, 2020 ). Cryptochromes (CRYs) are blue light photoreceptors found in plants.…”

Cuban Sugar Cane Wax Alcohol Exhibited Enhanced Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein (rHDL) with Improved Structural and Functional Correlations: Comparison of Various Policosanols

“…Policosanol is a mixture of aliphatic alcohols ranging from 24 to 34 carbon atoms [ 1 , 2 ], such as octacosanol, triacontanol, dotriacontanol, hexacosanol, and tetratriacontanol as the major components, which are purified from sugar cane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) wax [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] or various plants, such as oats [ 4 ] and barley [ 5 ], insects [ 6 , 7 ], and bees wax [ 8 ]. Many policosanols have been purified from various plant sources, such as sugar cane, rice bran [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], wheat germ, and barley sprout.…”

Beneficial Effect of Cuban Policosanol on Blood Pressure and Serum Lipoproteins Accompanied with Lowered Glycated Hemoglobin and Enhanced High-Density Lipoprotein Functionalities in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, and Double-Blinded Trial with Healthy Japanese

“…Policosanol is a mixture of aliphatic alcohols ranging from 24–34 carbon atoms [ 1 , 2 ], such as octacosanol, triacontanol, dotriacontanol, hexacosanol, and tetratriacontanol, which are purified from sugar cane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) wax [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] or various plants, such as oats [ 4 ], barley [ 5 ], insects [ 6 , 7 ], and bees wax [ 8 ]. Many policosanols from different sources have been claimed to treat blood dyslipidemia [ 9 , 10 ], diabetes [ 11 ], hypertension [ 12 , 13 ], and dementia [ 14 , 15 ] by raising the HDL-C level and lowering the LDL-C level.…”