Changes in blood-flow distribution during acute emotional stress in dogs

Caraffa-Braga, Ettore; Granata, L; Pinotti, O

doi:10.1007/bf00587372

Cited by 61 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…11 Various clinical"' ia and experimental 18 '" studies have demonstrated an association between stress and elevated blood pressure. A relevant question is to what degree does a given type of stress simulate common environmental events.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular response to mental stress in normal adolescents with hypertensive parents. Hemodynamics and mental stress in adolescents.

Falkner¹,

Onesti²,

Angelakos³

et al. 1979

Hypertension

412

134

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SUMMARYThe bemodynamic response to mental stress (mental arithmetic) was studied in adolescents with varying risk factors for essential hypertension (EH). One group (genetic) consisted of nonnotensive well adolescents who had at least one parent with EH. Another group (labile) consisted of adolescents with labile hypertension each of whom also had at least one parent with EH. The control population consisted of normotensive adolescents with a negative family history of EH. Subjects with labile hypertension demonstrated a sustained increase in systolic and diastolic pressure and heart rate during stress. This response was significantly different than the control population (p < 0.001). The stress response of the nonnotensive genetic population was qualitatively similar to the group with labile hypertension and significantly different than the controls in diastolic pressure and heart rate (p < 0.001, < 0.02). Post-stress plasma catecholamines were higher in the labile hypertensive and genetic groups than in the control group. These findings demonstrate increased central nervous system mediated adrenergic activity and cardiovascular response in labile hypertension and also in some normotensive subjects with a genetic risk for hypertension. 1 Experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that hypertension is also related to environmental conditions that require continuous behavioral and physiological adjustments. The mechanism through which the interaction of genetic and environmental factors operate, thus directing the development of increased arterial From the

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular response to mental stress in normal adolescents with hypertensive parents. Hemodynamics and mental stress in adolescents.

Falkner¹,

Onesti²,

Angelakos³

et al. 1979

Hypertension

412

134

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Hitherto, it has long been commonly held, as an extension of Cannon's original hypothesis (1929), to be associated with acute episodes in daily life, when a sudden or novel stimulus evokes a dramatic behavioural episode, with a pattern of cardiovascular change appropriate to such an emergency reaction (Abrahams, Hilton & Zbroiyna 1960, 1964. However, there is already evidence that this cardiovascular response is graded with the strength of the stimulus, the same pattern occurring even during mild alerting (Caraffa-Braga, Granata & Pinotti, 1973). Seen in this light our findings lead us to suggest that the level of activity in the brain-stem defence areas necessarily associated with the waking state already engages the visceral alerting system to a certain extent, and that this level of engagement has an important part to play in setting the general level of arterial blood pressure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventral medullary relay neurones in the pathway from the defence areas of the cat and their effect on blood pressure.

Hilton¹,

Marshall²,

Timms³

1983

The Journal of Physiology

128

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SUMMARY1. In cats anaesthetized with Althesin, the efferent descending pathway from the brain-stem defence areas has been traced through the medulla by identifying sites at which electrical stimulation evoked the characteristic pattern of the visceral alerting (defence) response. This response includes an increase in arterial blood pressure resulting from increased heart rate and cardiac output and vasoconstriction in renal and splanchnic beds, accompanied by active vasodilatation in skeletal muscle.2. The efferent pathway runs as a narrow strip, about 3 mm from the mid line, ventral to the superior olive and the nucleus of the trapezoid body, extending caudally to the rostral portion of the inferior olive where it lies ventral to the facial nucleus. It was found to lie very close to the ventral medullary surface just rostral to and within the area at which bilateral topical application of glycine results in a profound fall in arterial blood pressure and cessation of respiration.3. On bilaterial application of glycine to the sensitive area of the ventral medulla, the visceral alerting response evoked by stimulation in the defence areas of the amygdalo-hypothalamic complex, or the mid-brain central grey or tegmentum, was attenuated in parallel with the fall in arterial pressure, the vasoconstrictor responses being most strongly reduced. As soon as arterial blood pressure had fallen to its lowest level the visceral alerting response was virtually abolished.4. A small radio-frequency lesion made in the ventral medullary efferent pathway, in the rostral part of the 'glycine-sensitive area', had the same effect as that produced by unilateral application of glycine: it resulted in little respiratory or cardiovascular effect itself, but application of glycine to the contralateral area then produced the full effect otherwise seen only on bilateral application of glycine.5. It is suggested (1) that the effects of glycine result from blockade of a synaptic relay, close to the ventral surface of the medulla, in the efferent pathway from the defence areas to the preganglionic sympathetic neurones, and (2) that the neurones which receive an input from the alerting (defence) areas normally provide an essential, tonic excitatory drive to the sympathetic output and probably to respiration also. After sudden withdrawal of this drive, vasomotor tone and the normal level of arterial blood pressure are not maintained.

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“…Regardless of the physiological significance of the initial orienting reflex, however, it has long been known that more prolonged threatening stimuli typically elicit a more complex autonomic response, which is characterized by an increase in arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and heart rate, together with marked vasoconstriction in renal and mesenteric vascular beds and usually also vasodilation in skeletal muscle beds, in both humans (6,14,27,34,60,68,75,95,99,119,157) (Fig. 1) and animals (24,65,106,155). These cardiovascular changes are accompanied by a marked increase in total norepinephrine spillover in humans, indicative of an overall increase in sympathetic activity (158).…”

Section: Pattern Of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Responses To Stresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and respiratory function during stress and arousal

Dampney

2015

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

129

116

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Actual or potentially threatening stimuli in the external environment (i.e., psychological stressors) trigger highly coordinated defensive behavioral responses that are accompanied by appropriate autonomic and respiratory changes. As discussed in this review, several brain regions and pathways have major roles in subserving the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to threatening stimuli, which may vary from relatively mild acute arousing stimuli to more prolonged life-threatening stimuli. One key region is the dorsomedial hypothalamus, which receives inputs from the cortex, amygdala, and other forebrain regions and which is critical for generating autonomic, respiratory, and neuroendocrine responses to psychological stressors. Recent studies suggest that the dorsomedial hypothalamus also receives an input from the dorsolateral column in the midbrain periaqueductal gray, which is another key region involved in the integration of stress-evoked cardiorespiratory responses. In addition, it has recently been shown that neurons in the midbrain colliculi can generate highly synchronized autonomic, respiratory, and somatomotor responses to visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs. These collicular neurons may be part of a subcortical defense system that also includes the basal ganglia and which is well adapted to responding to threats that require an immediate stereotyped response that does not involve the cortex. The basal ganglia/colliculi system is phylogenetically ancient. In contrast, the defense system that includes the dorsomedial hypothalamus and cortex evolved at a later time, and appears to be better adapted to generating appropriate responses to more sustained threatening stimuli that involve cognitive appraisal. defensive behavior; sympathetic activity; respiratory activity; hypothalamus; midbrain; sympathetic premotor nuclei AN ANIMAL'S SURVIVAL is dependent on being able to respond appropriately to stressors, which can be categorized into two different groups: interoceptive (also-called physical) stressors and exteroceptive (also-called psychological) stressors (44,133). Physical stressors are those that directly threaten homeostasis, such as hypoxia, hemorrhage, or infection, whereas psychological stressors can be defined as actual or perceived threats in the external environment. Psychological stressors can be further subdivided into conditioned stressors (i.e., ones that are normally innocuous but which are perceived as threatening because of previous experiences) or unconditioned stressors (i.e., ones that are intrinsically threatening, such as the sight, sound, or odor of a predator). Physical and psychological stressors activate different populations of neurons in the brain (44,63,102). Similarly, there is evidence that the autonomic responses to conditioned and unconditioned psychological stressors are also mediated by different pathways in the brain (62). In this review, which is based on my 2013 Carl Ludwig Distinguished Lecture to the American Physiological Society, I consider the brain mec...

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Changes in blood-flow distribution during acute emotional stress in dogs

Cited by 61 publications

References 18 publications

Cardiovascular response to mental stress in normal adolescents with hypertensive parents. Hemodynamics and mental stress in adolescents.

Cardiovascular response to mental stress in normal adolescents with hypertensive parents. Hemodynamics and mental stress in adolescents.

Ventral medullary relay neurones in the pathway from the defence areas of the cat and their effect on blood pressure.

Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and respiratory function during stress and arousal

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