Changes in carbohydrate and water content with ovule growth of Ginkgo biloba L.

Nakao, Yoshinori; Shiozaki, Shuji; Ogata, Takanari; Kawase, Kenji; Horiuchi, Shosaku

doi:10.1080/14620316.1999.11511072

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…A similar phenomenon has been reported for Arabidopsis (Windsor et al, 2000). The existence of starch grains in the integument of developing seeds has also been reported for Petunia inflata (Pai et al, 1997) and ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba; Nakao et al, 1999). However, little is known about the elements involved in starch degradation in the integument of these dicotyledonous plants.…”

supporting

confidence: 71%

Immunohistochemistry of Active Gibberellins and Gibberellin-Inducible α-Amylase in Developing Seeds of Morning Glory

Nakayama

Park

et al. 2002

Plant Physiology

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Gibberellins (GAs) in developing seeds of morning glory (Pharbitis nil) were quantified and localized by immunostaining. The starch grains began to be digested after the GA contents had increased and reached a plateau. Immunohistochemical staining with the antigibberellin A1-methyl ester-antiserum, which has high affinity to biologically active GAs, showed that GA1 and/or GA3 were localized around starch grains in the integument of developing young seeds, suggesting the participation of GA-inducible α-amylase in this digestion. We isolated an α-amylase cDNA (PnAmy1) that was expressed in the immature seeds, and using an antibody raised against recombinant protein, it was shown that PnAmy1 was expressed in the immature seeds. GA responsiveness of PnAmy1 was shown by treating the young fruits 9 d after anthesis with GA3. RNA-blot and immunoblot analyses showed that PnAmy1 emerged soon after the rapid increase of GA1/3. An immunohistochemical analysis of PnAmy1 showed that it, like the seed GA1/3, was also localized around starch grains in the integument of developing young seeds. The localization of GA1/3 in the integument coincident with the expression of PnAmy1 suggests that both function as part of a process to release sugars for translocation or for the further development of the seeds.

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supporting

confidence: 71%

Immunohistochemistry of Active Gibberellins and Gibberellin-Inducible α-Amylase in Developing Seeds of Morning Glory

Nakayama

Park

et al. 2002

Plant Physiology

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“…This contrasts with the regularity of carbohydrate changes in many plant ovules, such as those in rice, where the amount of starch in the grain increases along with the increasing sugar content from the early stages of growth [ 41 ]. It is speculated that this contradiction may be attributed to embryonic differentiation and development, accelerated cell division, starch utilization exceeding accumulation, and starch amount gradually decreasing or even disappearing [ 42 ]. It is also possible to convert starch into a form that is more stable for the development of stored ovules.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These plants were planted on the western campus of the Central South University of Forestry and Technology in Changsha, Hunan Province, China. The C. henryi fruits were obtained from ten 10-year-old trees at six stages of development (35,42,49,56,63, and 70 days after pollination, DAP). Twenty seeds were selected for each stage to remove the shell and skin for sampling, fixed in FAA fixative [70% ethanol: glacial acetic acid: formalin (18:1:1, v/v/v)] for 24 h, and then stored in 70% alcohol at 4 °C.…”

Section: Plant Materials and Growth Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, at six developmental stages (35,42,49,56,63, and 70 DAP), the ovules were removed from the fruits and immediately stored in liquid nitrogen. We collected various samples of ovules (1 g) at each stage, added the pre-cooled extraction buffer, and homogenized the samples and centrifuged them in an ice bath.…”

Section: Determination Of Starch Metabolism-related Enzyme Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative analysis of the transcriptome during single-seed formation of Castanea henryi: regulation of starch metabolism and endogenous hormones

Qiu

Tian

et al. 2023

BMC Plant Biol

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Background In seed plants, the ovule is the precursor to the seed. The process of ovule development and differentiation is regulated by multiple factors, including starch metabolism and endogenous hormones. Castanea henryi produces nuts with high nutritional value. However, the high proportion of empty buds restricts the commercial use of the tree. Previous studies have shown that the empty bud phenotype is closely related to ovule abortion. If none of the ovules in the ovary expand rapidly and develop in 7–8 weeks after pollination, an empty bud will form. Therefore, we studied the development and molecular mechanisms underlying single seed formation in C. henryi. Results We found that 49 days after pollination (DAP) is a critical period for the formation of fertile and abortive ovules. The morphology and starch distribution of the fertile and abortive ovules differed significantly at 49 DAP. The fertile ovules were smooth and round in appearance, with a large amount of starch. In contrast, abortive ovules were smaller with only a small amount of starch. The embryo sac of the abortive ovule proceeded to develop abnormally, and the entire ovule lacked starch. We identified 37 candidate genes involved in metabolism with potential roles in the regulation of starch levels. Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) genes, one granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) gene, and two beta-amylase genes could affect starch accumulation. The levels of auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, and jasmonic acid in fertile ovules were higher than those in abortive ovules. In addition, the levels of endogenous abscisic acid and salicylic acid in abortive ovules were higher than those in fertile ovules of the same age, consistent with the expression patterns of genes related to the synthesis of abscisic and salicylic acid and signal transduction. We identified and mapped the differentially expressed genes associated with hormone synthesis and signal transduction. Conclusions These results improve our general understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying single seed development in C. henryi and the phenomenon of empty buds, providing directions for future research.

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Contribution of Gibberellins to the Formation of Arabidopsis Seed Coat Through Starch Degradation

Kim

Nakajima

Nakayama

et al. 2005

Plant and Cell Physiology

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To clarify the role of gibberellins in the seed development of Arabidopsis, we investigated the sites where gibberellins are synthesized and induce alpha-amylase genes. The spatial and temporal expression of the genes encoding gibberellin biosynthetic enzymes and alpha-amylases was examined by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. The mRNAs of AtGA20ox2, AtGA20ox3 and AtGA3ox4 began to be detectable 5-7 d after pollination. In situ hybridization showed that these genes were expressed almost simultaneously around starch granules in the outer integument, preceding the disappearance of those granules. AtGA20ox2 and AtGA3ox4 but not AtGA20ox3 also showed their signals at the rim of the developing embryo. The alpha-amylase gene, Amy3, which responded to gibberellin, was mainly expressed in the developing seed, spatially overlapping with the expression of AtGA20ox2 and AtGA3ox4. These results suggest that gibberellins function in at least two sites of the seed: the outer integument and part of the embryo. We examined the phenotypes of a T-DNA insertion line of AtGA3ox4 and observed the following: (i) a decrease of alpha-amylase gene transcripts in young siliques; (ii) delay of starch degradation in the outer integument; (iii) disarrangement of the seed surface structure; and (iv) abnormal swelling pattern of polysaccharides after imbibition by the mature seed. These characteristics are phenotypes of plants under gibberellin starvation, because the abnormalities could be almost overcome with applied gibberellin, and the gibberellin-treated mutant was indistinguishable from the wild type. These results strongly suggest that gibberellins in the outer integument would be required for the normal formation of the Arabidopsis seed coat.

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Changes in carbohydrate and water content with ovule growth of Ginkgo biloba L.

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

Immunohistochemistry of Active Gibberellins and Gibberellin-Inducible α-Amylase in Developing Seeds of Morning Glory

Immunohistochemistry of Active Gibberellins and Gibberellin-Inducible α-Amylase in Developing Seeds of Morning Glory

Comparative analysis of the transcriptome during single-seed formation of Castanea henryi: regulation of starch metabolism and endogenous hormones

Contribution of Gibberellins to the Formation of Arabidopsis Seed Coat Through Starch Degradation

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