Changes in Cellular Composition of the Lymph Caused by Ionizing Radiations

Ross, M.H.; Fürth, J.; Bigelow, Robert R.

doi:10.1182/blood.v7.4.417.417

Cited by 49 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The appearance of atypical mononuclear cells during recovery after irradiation has been reported in various species including man (Benjamin, v. Reuss, Sluka and Schwarz, 1906;Wiinshe, 1938;Bauer, 1940;Denstad, 1943 ;Brecher, Endicott, Gump and Brawner, 1948;Ross, Furth and Bigelow, 1952;Schlumberger and Vasquez, 1954;Oughterson and Warren, 1956;Harris, 1956). The cells have been described either as atypical lymphocytes or atypical monocytes but those seen during the present investigation were more like lymphocytes than monocytes.…”

Section: Lymphocyte Morphology During Recoverymentioning

confidence: 83%

Lymphocytic Recovery after Irradiation and its Relation to Other Aspects of Haemopoiesise

Hulse

1963

Br J Haematol

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THE lymphocyte is a very radio-sensitive cell and tissues which contains lymphocytes, whether lymphopoietic or not, are markedly depleted of these cells, after exposure to even small doses of ionizing radiation. A quantitative study of the fall in the lymphocyte content of the bone marrow and blood of the irradiated rat has already been reported (Hulse, 1959a) and the present paper reports on their reappearance in these situations during recovery.One of the current theories of haemopoiesis suggests that the small lymphocyte is a multipotential stem cell (Yoffey, 1960a). The repopulation of bone marrow which has been depleted of cells by radiation is very suitable for testing such an hypothesis. The return of the lymphocytes to the depleted marrow has, therefore, been correlated with the recovery of erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis in the same animals. METHODA full description of the quantitative methods has been given in previous publications (Hulse, 1957(Hulse, , 1959a, the principle behind the marrow examination being the dispersion of a known quantity of femoral marrow in a suitable fluid. Blood examinations were performed on heart blood obtained at the time of killing the animals, immediately prior to extracting the marrow. Details regarding dosage of radiation and the type of rats used in the present investigation have already been given (Hulse, 1961). For each of the three doses used, 100,200 and 400 R., studies were made for 14,42 and 70 days respectively. In the figures (see below), the points relating to irradiated animals are means obtained from three (or in a few instances, four) rats. The data from unirradiated animals represent means from 41 rats, one animal from each litter being used as a control. RESULTSChanges in the blood and bone marrow during the first 48 hours after irradiation are reported first so that the present results may be compared later with those of the previous experiments (Hulse, 1959a). Initial DepletionMarrow lymphocytes. After each of three doses a minimum value was obtained at 2 days after irradiation, the reduction in cell numbers being least after IOO R. and greatest after 400 R. (Fig. I). At 48 hours after 400 R. the marrow lymphocytes were reduced to 13 per cent of normal but as early as 4 hours after irradiation they were reduced by as much as one-third. Thus the rate of depletion was greatest during the first few hours.Blood lymphocytes. These cells were reduced in number more than the marrow lymphocytes but minimum values were again obtained at 2 days ( Fig. I). Of these three doses 400 R. had the 3 76 * Postal address: M.R.C. Radiobiological Research Unit, Harwell, Didcor, Berks. Lymphocytes and Haernopoiesis ajier Irradiation3 77 greatest effect, the blood lymphocytes being reduced to 2.5 per cent or normal at 48 hours.As early as 4 hours after 400 R. they were reduced by two-thirds again indicating that the rate of depletion was greatest during the first few hours. RecoveryMarrow lymphocytes (Fig. I). Definite increases in numbers were seen at 3 days after roo and zoo...

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Section: Lymphocyte Morphology During Recoverymentioning

confidence: 83%

Lymphocytic Recovery after Irradiation and its Relation to Other Aspects of Haemopoiesise

Hulse

1963

Br J Haematol

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“…These vascular defects mostly consisted of abnormal connections between blood and lymphatic vessels resulting in the development of blood‐filled lymph sacs and lymphatic vessels, and in impaired lymphatic drainage evidenced by the presence of cutaneous and intestinal oedema in neonatal animals. Interestingly, early studies have shown abnormal red blood cell accumulation within the lymph of animals rendered thrombocytopenic by irradiation [10,49–51]. Although entry of red blood cells in the lymph of irradiated animals occurred even in the absence of evidence of a haemorrhagic tendency [50], it was interpreted as an indicator of the degree of irradiation‐induced capillary damage and erythrodiapedesis.…”

Section: Platelets Support Vascular Development and Remodellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

How platelets safeguard vascular integrity

Ho‐Tin‐Noé¹,

Demers

Wagner

2011

Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis

237

229

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Summary The haemostatic role of platelets was established in the 1880s by Bizzozero who observed their ability to adhere and aggregate at sites of vascular injury. It was only some 80 years later that the function of platelets in maintaining the structural integrity of intact blood vessels was reported by Danielli. Danielli noted that platelets help preserve the barrier function of endothelium during organ perfusion. Subsequent studies have demonstrated further that platelets are continuously needed to support intact mature blood vessels. More recently, platelets were shown to safeguard developing vessels, lymphatics, as well as the microvasculature at sites of leukocyte infiltration, including inflamed organs and tumours. Interestingly, from a mechanistic point of view, the supporting role of platelets in these various vessels does not necessarily involve the well-understood process of platelet plug formation but, rather, may rely on secretion of the various platelet granules and their many active components. The present review focuses on these nonconventional aspects of platelet biology and function by presenting situations in which platelets intervene to maintain vascular integrity and discusses possible mechanisms of their actions. We propose that modulating these newly described platelet functions may help treat haemorrhage as well as treat cancer by increasing the efficacy of drug delivery to tumours.

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“…9 The leukocyte count in the thoracic duct in healthy men varies from 2 to 20 Â 10 9 and consists almost totally of lymphocytes (i.e., nearly 2 to 10 times the number of lymphocytes that can be found in the peripheral blood), whereas the number of erythrocytes is negligible under physiological conditions, but might increase remarkably in certain disorders characterized by marked capillary damage and extravasation. 10,11 The fluid, the macromolecules, and the cells are transported to the lymph node system and then-through the lymph vessels-to the right and left thoracic ducts, before being reversed into the right or the left subclavian vein, where the lymph is finally mixed with the blood.…”

Section: Biology and Function Of The Lymphatic Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemostatic Properties of the Lymph: Relationships with Occlusion and Thrombosis

Lippi

Favaloro

Cervellin

2012

Semin Thromb Hemost

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Lymphatic thrombosis is a rare occurrence, and although its frequency is likely underestimated, its burden remains substantially lower than that of venous or arterial thrombosis. Current evidence suggests that despite measurable levels of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor and other coagulation factors in the lymph, fibrin generation is substantially inhibited under physiological conditions, essentially making the lymph a hypocoagulable biological fluid. Although factor VIIa-tissue factor-catalyzed activation of factor X is possible in the lymph, fibrin generation is largely counteracted by the unavailability of cell surface anionic phospholipids such as those physiologically present on blood platelets, combined with only low levels of coagulation factors, and the strong inhibitory activity of heparin, antithrombin, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Enhanced fibrinolytic activity further contributes to reduce the development and growth of lymph clots. Nevertheless, lymphatic thrombosis is occasionally detected, especially in the thoracic duct, axillary, or inguinal lymphatics. Pathogenetic mechanisms are supported by the release of thromboplastin substances from the injured lymphatic endothelium accompanied by chronic obstruction of lymph flow in the presence of a hypercoagulable milieu, thereby mirroring the Virchow triad that otherwise characterizes venous thrombosis. In theory, any source of lymphatic vessel occlusion, such as internal obliteration, external compression, or increased lymphatic pressure, might predispose to localized lymphatic thrombosis. The leading pathologies that can trigger thrombosis in the lymphatic vessels include cancer (due to external compression, neoplastic obliteration of the lymphatic lumen by metastatic cells, or lymphatic dysfunction after lymph node dissection), infections (especially lymphatic filariasis or sustained by Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Treponema pallidum, or Streptococcus pyogenes), congestive heart failure, chronic edema and inflammation of the distal lower limb, complications of central venous catheterization, coronary artery bypass grafting, thoracic outlet syndrome, and amyloidosis.

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Changes in Cellular Composition of the Lymph Caused by Ionizing Radiations

Cited by 49 publications

References 1 publication

Lymphocytic Recovery after Irradiation and its Relation to Other Aspects of Haemopoiesise

Lymphocytic Recovery after Irradiation and its Relation to Other Aspects of Haemopoiesise

How platelets safeguard vascular integrity

Hemostatic Properties of the Lymph: Relationships with Occlusion and Thrombosis

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