Changes in clinical measures and tissue adaptations in collegiate swimmers across a competitive season

Tate, Angela; Sarver, Joseph J.; DiPaola, Laura; Yim, Jeffrey; Paul, Ryan W.; Thomas, Stephen J.

doi:10.1016/j.jse.2020.03.028

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…We did not find a difference in PCT between þPDD and ÀPDD groups. Previous researchers 16 and we demonstrated decreased glenohumeral IR ROM in swimmers. Thickness adaptations in the posterior capsule have been implicated in the clinical presentation of IR ROM deficits in swimmers but as of this writing have not been examined.…”

Section: Posterior Capsule Thicknesssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Glenohumeral internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) were measured using a digital inclinometer (PRO 360 Digital Protractor, SmartTool Technologies) as previously described. 16 The participant was positioned supine, with the arm in 908 of shoulder abduction and the scapula stabilized manually by the examiner to isolate glenohumeral motion. The digital inclinometer was placed on the ulnar side of the forearm to record both IR and ER.…”

Section: Glenohumeral Range Of Motionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Supraspinatus tendon structure was measured using ultrasound as described previously. 16 The participant was positioned upright in a chair in the modified Crass position. The examiner positioned the 15-MHz linear transducer on the anterior shoulder to obtain a longitudinal view of the supraspinatus tendon.…”

Section: Supraspinatus Tendon Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Altered Functional and Structural Measures in Masters Swimmers With Shoulder Pain and Disability

Thomas

Blubello²,

Peterson

et al. 2021

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Supraspinatus tendinopathy and shoulder pain are common in competitive youth swimmers; however, no studies have investigated clinical and structural factors contributing to shoulder pain and disability in master level swimmers. Objective: The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the prevalence of shoulder pain and disability in master level swimmers, 2) to identify the most provocative special tests for shoulder pain, and 3) to determine if shoulder clinical and tissue specific measures, training variables and volume vary between those with and without shoulder pain, dissatisfaction and disability. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Collegiate swimming facilities. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-nine adult masters level swimmers were evaluated and included in the data analysis. Main Outcome Measures: A survey of demographics, training, and pain and disability ratings using the Penn Shoulder Score and Disability of Arm Shoulder Hand sports module. Swimmers underwent a clinical exam including shoulder passive range of motion (PROM), posterior shoulder endurance test (PSET), supraspinatus tendon structure and posterior capsule thickness. One-way ANOVAs were used to compare demographics, clinical and structural findings between those with significant pain, dissatisfaction and disability (+PDD) and those without (−PDD). Results: Fifteen percent of subjects reported pain at rest, 28% with normal activities (eating, dressing), and 69% with strenuous activities (sports) and 50% reported disability. The +PDD group had less shoulder internal rotation (10°), less ER (8°), and completed less yardage per day and per year. There were significant differences in the supraspinatus tendon structure between the +PDD and –PDD groups. Conclusion: Masters swimmers with pain and disability are able to self-limit yardage and likely why they recorded less yardage. The reduced shoulder motion (IR and ER) without posterior capsule differences may be due to rotator cuff muscle/tendon restrictions and the supraspinatus tendon structure may indicate degeneration caused by previous overuse resulting in pain.

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Section: Posterior Capsule Thicknesssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Glenohumeral Range Of Motionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Altered Functional and Structural Measures in Masters Swimmers With Shoulder Pain and Disability

Thomas

Blubello²,

Peterson

et al. 2021

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…Swimming is an endurance sport that does not reach peak levels of force; thus, it is possible that testing as a proxy measure of muscle endurance rather than maximal force could have given different results. [36][37][38] Considering this and the previous studies´ results, 9 it can be suggested that changes in rotation force are possibly more affected by the intensity of a single session than the accumulation of swim-volume. Despite this, regular monitoring of shoulder rotation strength in swimmers might be important in clinical practice.…”

Section: Shoulder Physical Qualitiesmentioning

confidence: 67%

Cumulative Effects of a Week’s Training Loads on Shoulder Physical Qualities and Wellness in Competitive Swimmers

Yoma

Herrington

Mackenzie

2021

International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy

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BackgroundCompetitive swimmers are exposed to high training loads, which can contribute to the development of shoulder pain. There is a lack of research investigating the interactions between the accumulation of training loads and factors associated to shoulder pain in swimmers. PurposeThe primary objective was to analyze the changes in shoulder physical qualities and wellness factors over a week of training in competitive swimmers. A secondary objective was to compare the changes in these variables between different swim-training volumes performed during the week. DesignCross-sectional. MethodsThirty-one national and regional-level swimmers were included (18 females, 13 males; age= 15.5 ± 2.2 years). Active shoulder external rotation (ER) range of motion (ROM), shoulder-rotation isometric torque, and wellness factors using the Hooper questionnaire were measured twice over the week: a baseline measurement (before Monday´s training session) and a follow-up during the week. Participants were divided into a high-volume group (HVG) and low-volume group (LVG) based on the day follow-up was performed. HVL (n= 15) was tested at the end of the training week (after Saturday´s session) and LVG (n= 16) during the week (after Thursday or Friday´s session). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of the whole week was recorded after the follow-up session. ResultsAt follow-up, the LVG averaged a volume of 26.2 ± 2.2 km, whereas the HVG averaged a volume of 37.5 ± 3.7 km. LVG and HVG participants decreased active shoulder ER ROM on dominant (p= 0.002; p= 0.006) and nondominant sides (p= 0.001; p= 0.004), displayed increased muscular soreness (p= 0.001; p= 0.007) and worsened overall wellness (p< 0.001; p= 0.010). Fatigue (p= 0.008) and poor sleep quality were increased (p= 0.023) in HVG, but not in LVG. There were no changes in shoulder-rotation torque and stress in any group. Regarding between-groups differences, only weekly RPE was higher (p= 0.004) in HVG.

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“…6 Pain and discomfort are the main symptoms after orthopedic injury in these swimmers. 7,8 The chief cause of pain and discomfort in the shoulder is glenohumeral slackness, impingement disorder and rotator cuff or biceps injury. 9,10 The most commonly involved muscles are the serratus anterior, supraspinatus, trapezius and deltoid.…”

Section: Swimmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disability Associated with Shoulder Pain during Life Span of Competitive Swimmers; A Cross-sectional study

Hashmi¹,

Waseem²,

Jabeen³

et al. 2022

THJ

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Background: The occurrence of shoulder pain among competitive swimmers is bizarre, but no strategy exists to diminish shoulder injuries in swimmers. Objective: To assess the disability associated with shoulder pain across the lifespan of competitive swimmers. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 58 swimmers who were selected based on inclusion criteria for this study from different swimming centers in Lahore, Pakistan. The questionnaire consisted of a total of 28 questions, 24 questions on Penn shoulder score and 4 questions on disability of arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire score and a diagnostic side bridge test was assessed 2 times by each participant to check endurance. Manual muscle testing was performed bilaterally on the serratus anterior, middle trapezius and lower trapezius muscles. Means and standard deviations were calculated for quantitative variables while frequency and percentages were used for qualitative variables. Chi-square was estimated to find the association between disability and shoulder pain. Results: There were 21 (36.2%) males and 37 (63.2%) females participated in the study. This showed that hand dominance affects the ability of competitive swimmers. For the side bridge average time, left and right hand, the p-value was <0.001 which was statistically significant. Conclusion: This study concludes that disabilities are associated with shoulder pain across the lifespan of competitive swimmers. Pain and discomfort in the shoulder is the main risk factor among competitive swimmers that can ultimately lead to the disability of the extremity. As only a few participants were fully satisfied with the current level of their shoulder functioning.

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Changes in clinical measures and tissue adaptations in collegiate swimmers across a competitive season

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

Altered Functional and Structural Measures in Masters Swimmers With Shoulder Pain and Disability

Altered Functional and Structural Measures in Masters Swimmers With Shoulder Pain and Disability

Cumulative Effects of a Week’s Training Loads on Shoulder Physical Qualities and Wellness in Competitive Swimmers

Disability Associated with Shoulder Pain during Life Span of Competitive Swimmers; A Cross-sectional study

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