Changes in Eustachian Tube Mucosa in Mice After Short‐Term Tobacco and E‐cigarette Smoke Exposure

Nicholas, Brian D.; Kiprovski, Aleksandar; Perez, Diandra; Mehta, Rashi I.; Murphy, Michael; Li, Zhenfeng; Tampio, Alex J F

doi:10.1002/lary.29887

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…After the removal of duplicates, 822 unique abstracts were screened, resulting in the inclusion of 53 studies (Figure 1, Table 1). 12‐64 Out of the 53 included articles, 34 (64%) analyzed the effects of e‐cigarette use on human subjects or cell lines, 16 (30%) utilized an animal model to investigate the in vivo effects of e‐cigarette aerosol exposure, and 3 (6%) studied both human and animal models. Human studies included: (1) in vitro assessments of e‐cigarette aerosol, condensate, or e‐liquid exposure on primary cultured cells or immortalized cell lines derived from upper airway tissue, or (2) clinical studies using samples obtained from current or former e‐cigarette users.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14,19,[22][23][24][25]27,32,51 Histological changes associated with acute and subchronic e-cigarette aerosol exposure in animal models were seen in the oral cavity, submandibular gland, nasal cavity, larynx, and trachea; however, the majority of these changes were considered adaptive and resolved following a recovery period. 30,31,37,47,50,52,[56][57][58][59]61,64 Persistent histological changes in the nasal cavity and larynx included: mild epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia, and mucus hypersecretion. In the submandibular gland, ductal dilation, connective tissue thickening, and epithelial degeneration with cytoplasmic vacuolization were observed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twenty‐six studies investigated the effects of flavored e‐cigarettes 12,14,16‐18,22,26,28,30,32‐34,37‐40,47,50,52,56,58,59,61,63,64 . The most commonly studied flavors were tobacco and mint/menthol, which appeared in 9/26 and 4/26 studies, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nicholas et al 47 BALB/cJ mice exposed to 8 wk of e-cigarette aerosols displayed decreased goblet cells in Eustachian tube mucosa vs controls (no significant differences in cilia, mucin, and squamous metaplasia). In BALB/cJ mice exposed to e-cigarette aerosol, trans-tympanic application of anti-IL-13 or AG1478 led to increased goblet cells in Eustachian tube mucosa.…”

Section: Proinflammatory Ciliary Dysfunction Immunosupression or Infe...mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Twenty-six studies investigated the effects of flavored e-cigarettes. 12,14,[16][17][18]22,26,28,30,[32][33][34][37][38][39][40]47,50,52,56,58,59,61,63,64 The most commonly studied flavors were tobacco and mint/menthol, which appeared in 9/26 and 4/26 studies, respectively. One study 22 compared the effects of 10 different flavored e-liquids versus unflavored e-liquid of the same brand on oral epithelial cells and showed that, in general, flavored e-liquids (±nicotine) were associated with increased oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, cytotoxicity, and micronuclei formation compared to unflavored e-liquid.…”

Section: Histologicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Toxicological Effects of e‐Cigarette Use in the Upper Airway: A Scoping Review

Worden,

Hicks,

Hackman

et al. 2024

Otolaryngol.--head neck surg.

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ObjectiveWhile evidence continues to emerge on the negative health effects of electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) on the lungs, little is known regarding their deleterious effects on the upper airway. The purpose of this review is to summarize the toxicological effects of e‐cigarettes, and their components, on the upper airway.Data SourcesPubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE databases.Review MethodsSystematic searches were performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses guidelines from 2003 to 2023. Studies were included if they investigated the toxicological effects of e‐cigarette exposure on human or animal upper airway tissue. Two authors independently screened, reviewed, and appraised all included articles.ResultsA total of 822 unique articles were identified, of which 53 met inclusion criteria and spanned subsites including the oral cavity (22/53 studies), nasal cavity/nasopharynx (13/53), multiple sites (10/53), larynx (5/53), trachea (2/53), and oropharynx (1/53). The most commonly observed consequences of e‐cigarette use on the upper airway included: proinflammatory (15/53 studies), histological (13/53), cytotoxicity (11/53), genotoxicity (11/53), and procarcinogenic (6/53). E‐cigarette humectants independently induced toxicity at multiple upper airway subsites, however, effects were generally amplified when flavoring(s) and/or nicotine were added. Across almost all studies, exposure to cigarette smoke exhibited increased toxicity in the upper airway compared with exposure to e‐cigarette vapor.ConclusionCurrent data suggest that while e‐cigarettes are generally less harmful than traditional cigarettes, they possess a distinct toxicological profile that is enhanced upon the addition of flavoring(s) and/or nicotine. Future investigations into underexamined subsites, such as the oropharynx and hypopharynx, are needed to comprehensively understand the effects of e‐cigarettes on the upper airway.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Proinflammatory Ciliary Dysfunction Immunosupression or Infe...mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Histologicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Toxicological Effects of e‐Cigarette Use in the Upper Airway: A Scoping Review

Worden,

Hicks,

Hackman

et al. 2024

Otolaryngol.--head neck surg.

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Planar Cell Polarity in the Multiciliated Epithelial Lining of the Mouse Eustachian Tube

Luo,

Fu,

Huang

et al. 2024

The Laryngoscope

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ObjectivesPlanar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, essential for uniform alignment and directional beating of motile cilia, has been investigated in multiciliated epithelia. As a complex structure connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx, the eustachian tube (ET) is important in the onset of ear–nose–throat diseases. However, PCP signaling, including the orientation that is important for ciliary motility and clearance function in the ET, has not been studied. We evaluated PCP in the ET epithelium.Study DesignMorphometric examination of the mouse ET.MethodsWe performed electron microscopy to assess ciliary polarity in the mouse ET, along with immunohistochemical analysis of PCP protein localization in the ET epithelium.ResultsWe discovered PCP in the ET epithelium. Motile cilia were aligned in the same direction in individual and neighboring cells; this alignment manifested as ciliary polarity in multiciliated cells. Additionally, PCP proteins were asymmetrically localized between adjacent cells in the plane of the ET.ConclusionsThe multiciliated ET epithelium exhibits polarization, suggesting novel structural features that may be critical for ET function.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 2024

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Smoking Pack Years and Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

Sharma,

MacDowell,

Punjabi

et al. 2024

OTO Open

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ObjectiveTo determine the effect of smoking history on the risk of developing obstructive eustachian tube dysfunction (OETD).Study DesignCross‐sectional review.SettingNational database.MethodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999 to present) was analyzed. OETD was defined as middle ear pressure less than −100 decapascals (daPa). Nonsmokers, current smokers, with tympanometry data were analyzed. Patients under the age of 18, with myringotomy tubes, or with a sinus problem/earache/cold in the past 24 hours were excluded. The relative risks (RRs) for developing OETD were calculated for nonsmokers versus smokers and those with greater versus less than 10, 20, and 30 pack years (py).ResultsA total of 9472 patients met inclusion criteria (54.1% female, 75.9% non‐Hispanic, mean age 43, 20.3% smokers). The RR of having OETD for smokers versus nonsmokers was 1.75 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.45‐2.11]. The RR of having OETD for patients with a 10+ py was 1.97 [95% CI 1.57‐2.47], 20+ py was 2.29 [95% CI 1.76‐2.95], and 30 py or greater was 2.08 [95% CI 1.49‐2.90].ConclusionIn this study, smoking roughly doubled the risk of developing OETD, as represented by a single measurement of negative middle ear pressure less than −100 daPa. The definition of OETD used in this study was limited, as it did not include symptomology, and more work is needed to examine additional covariates. However, these results may guide future research to better counsel and screen patients for OETD.

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Changes in Eustachian Tube Mucosa in Mice After Short‐Term Tobacco and E‐cigarette Smoke Exposure

Cited by 5 publications

References 49 publications

The Toxicological Effects of e‐Cigarette Use in the Upper Airway: A Scoping Review

The Toxicological Effects of e‐Cigarette Use in the Upper Airway: A Scoping Review

Planar Cell Polarity in the Multiciliated Epithelial Lining of the Mouse Eustachian Tube

Smoking Pack Years and Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

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