Changes in Gene Expression in Needles and Stems of <i>Pinus radiata</i> Rootstock Plants of Different Ontogenic Age

Abstract

A major problem in forest clonal productivity is the loss of morphogenetic capability with the increasing age of plants. However, despite of the importance of loss of morphogenetic competence, very little research has been done about the underlying mechanisms involved in this process. For this reason, a gene expression analysis using dot blot technique was performed in needles and stems of 1-and 3-year old Pinus radiata rootstock plants with a proved decrease in morphogenetic competence. Needles of one year old rootstock plants showed a higher number of up-regulated in genes mainly corresponding to photosynthesis and protein synthesis, degradation and modification, reflecting a higher number of active pathways in younger hedges, contrary to the older ones. Gene expression profiles found in stems are in agreement with those found in needles, indicating more active pathways in younger rootstock plants than in older ones. Several transcripts regulating transcription and translation were up-regulated in young competent tissues. Three-year-old stems presented an increase in the expression of an ethylene response factor, involved in plant organ senescence, indicating that pathways involved in senescence and ageing might inhibit the adventitious root formation, as in the older cuttings.

Induction of Radiata Pine Somatic Embryogenesis at High Temperatures Provokes a Long-Term Decrease in DNA Methylation/Hydroxymethylation and Differential Expression of Stress-Related Genes

“… DEHYDRATION INDUCED PROTEIN ( DI19 ): gene coding for a member of the DI19 family of proteins. It has been proved their involvement during drought stress in Arabidopsis [ 62 ] and homologs have been reported in P. radiata [ 70 ]. …”

“…Then, the fold change between expression values obtained at control treatment of 23 °C and treatments at 40 °C and 60 °C was calculated in logarithmic scale. Gene specific primers for all genes were as described by [ 59 ] and [ 70 ].…”

Heat Stress in Pinus halepensis Somatic Embryogenesis Induction: Effect in DNA Methylation and Differential Expression of Stress-Related Genes

“…Primers previously described [28,58] were used and their efficiencies estimated using the qPCR Efficiency Calculator available at Thermofisher.com, based on the standard curve previously developed with four dilution points for each primer. Analyzed genes as well as primers details are summarized in Table 1.…”

“…To avoid this, plants have evolved antioxidant machinery consisting of enzymatic components, such as superoxide dismutase [26]. Additionally, as previously mentioned, heat is sometimes accompanied with drought, and the dehydration-induced 19 family of proteins appears to be involved in the response to both stresses [27,28]. Finally, the induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) seems to be essential to facilitate continued homeostasis and survival against heat stress [29,30].…”

Radial Growth of Eurasian Species of Five-Needle Pines in the Clone Archive in the South of the Tomsk Oblast

“…Так, у Pinus elliottii клоны от старых материнских деревьев росли гораздо медленнее и меньше ветвились по сравнению с клонами молодых деревьев (Parker et al, 1998). У P. radiata укореняемые черенки от материнских деревьев разного возраста значительно различались по анатомическим характеристикам хвои и ствола, а также по экспрессии генов (Alvarez et al, 2016). В целом, прямая связь роста по высоте и диаметру с теплообеспеченностью вегетационного периода в районе происхождения экотипа у большинства хвойных видов была выявлена как в природных древостоях (Makinen et al, 2003;Takahashi, 2006), так и в географических культурах (Ирошников, 1977;Oleksyn et al, 2001;Lesser, Parker, 2004), в том числе у кедра сибирского (Кузнецова, 2007; Жук, 2010, 2014).…”