Changes in grain protein and amino acids composition of wheat and rice under short‐term increased [CO₂] and temperature of canopy air in a paddy from East China

Abstract

Summary Projected global climate change is a potential threat for food security. Both rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) and temperatures have significant impacts on crop productivity, but the combined effects on grain quality are not well understood. We conducted an open‐air field experiment to determine the impacts of elevated [CO2] (E‐[CO2], up to 500 μmol mol−1) and warming (+2°C) on grain yield, protein and amino acid (AAs, acid digests) in a rice–winter wheat rotation system for 2 yr. E‐[CO2] increased grain yield by 11.3% for wheat and 5.9% for rice, but decreased grain protein concentration by 14.9% for wheat and by 7.0% for rice, although E‐[CO2] slightly increased the ratio of essential to nonessential AAs. With a consistent decline in grain yield, warming decreased protein yield, notably in wheat, despite a smaller increase in protein concentration. These results indicate that warming could partially negate the negative impact by E‐[CO2] on grain protein concentration at the expense of grain yield; this tradeoff could not fully offset the negative effects of climate change on crop production.

Diversity in Grain, Flour, Amino Acid Composition, Protein Profiling, and Proportion of Total Flour Proteins of Different Wheat Cultivars of North India

“…The highest concentration of glutamic acid was observed in the wheat variety PBW-550 and was lowest in UP-262. The results are inconsistent with those of Wang et al ( 47 ), who found glutamic acid as the most dominant amino acid in the vicinity of 30.99–31.41 g/100 g protein in a Chinese wheat variety. Jood et al ( 48 ) also found glutamic acid as the predominant amino acid, having a concentration of 31 g/100 g protein in an Indian wheat variety.…”

“…Among the non-essential amino acids, aspartic acid, glycine, alanine, arginine, cystine, and proline showed significant ( p ≤ 0.05) differences, whereas serine, tyrosine, and arginine varied non-significantly ( p ≥ 0.05). Anjum et al ( 15 ); Wang et al ( 47 ); Jood et al ( 48 ) and Alijosius et al ( 49 ) reported the following concentrations of amino acids (in grams per 100 g protein): aspartic acid, 3.93–6.60; serine, 3.35–5.69; glycine, 2.81–6.78; alanine, 0.30–4.02; arginine, 1.55–7.01; tyrosine, 1.39–4.82; cystine, 2.07–2.30; proline, 7.17–15.38; threonine, 2.40–4.05; histidine, 1.23–5.24; valine, 2.99–6.59; methionine, 0.75–2.70; phenylalanine, 4.21–5.47; isoleucine, 1.89–4.04; leucine, 3.78–7.62; and lysine, 2.05–3.14. Most of the values obtained agreed satisfactorily and were within the range; however, the mean concentration of alanine was somewhat higher and those of threonine, histidine, and valine were lower than those reported previously.…”

“…Most of the values obtained agreed satisfactorily and were within the range; however, the mean concentration of alanine was somewhat higher and those of threonine, histidine, and valine were lower than those reported previously. Differences in the amino acid composition in flours of the different wheat varieties are attributed to growing environmental conditions like CO 2 concentration and temperature ( 47 ), wheat types hard, soft, or medium, the protein content of the flour, the extraction rate ( 50 ), the genetic makeup of the cultivars, and the application of fertilizers ( 15 , 51 ).…”

Analysis of Total Amino Acids in Rice Using a Validated Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method with Diode Array Detection (RP-HPLC-DAD)

“…However, in comparison to those studies, relatively higher levels of Ala and Gly have been reported in the local traditional va- the amino acid composition of rice. Studies have revealed that, with increasing temperatures of the environment, notable decrease in protein yield and amino acid content in rice [38] and protein content in wheat [39] have been reported. In addition, similarly as observed with this study, Oh, et al (2019) [40] has pointed out that the amino acid composition is significantly affected by the rice variety and the location of cultivation.…”

Nexus of Climate Change and USA Mid-South Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Production

“…Under conditions of high day time temperatures, silicon fertilization improved grain yield and the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium translocation to panicles. Wang et al (2018) in eastern China performed a field experiment involving elevated CO 2 concentrations and elevated air temperatures. The enhanced CO 2 content supported greater wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice yields; however, protein contents declined.…”