“…This emphasizes the usefulness of explanation and concept-mapping techniques as evaluative measures of student knowledge (Coleman, 1998;Duschl & Osborne, 2002). Some studies have revealed that students can work more collaboratively in science than in mathematics and humanities (Baines, Blatchford, & Kutnick, 2003;Kutnick & Blatchford, 2013;Webb & Palincsar, 1996;Luckin et al, 2017). Hence, this paper only discusses student CPS skill proficiency and behavioral patterns in the context of science.…”