Changes in growth of the hoof wall and hoof morphology in response to regular periods of trotting exercise in Standardbreds

Faramarzi, Babak; Thomason, J. J.; Sears, William

doi:10.2460/ajvr.70.11.1354

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Similarly, the side with the flatter foot is loaded more in horses [ 18 ]. Because the hoof is a dynamic structure that responds to its loading environment [ 19 , 20 ], hoof shape might be indicative for long-term loading and for loading distribution higher up the limb. As a proxy for hoof shape, we used dorsal hoof wall angle because hoof dimensions respond as one structure which makes foot width, heel angle and dorsal wall angles all interrelated [ 18 , 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A horse’s locomotor signature: COP path determined by the individual limb

2017

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IntroductionGround reaction forces in sound horses with asymmetric hooves show systematic differences in the horizontal braking force and relative timing of break-over. The Center Of Pressure (COP) path quantifies the dynamic load distribution under the hoof in a moving horse. The objective was to test whether anatomical asymmetry, quantified by the difference in dorsal wall angle between the left and right forelimbs, correlates with asymmetry in the COP path between these limbs. In addition, repeatability of the COP path was investigated.MethodsA larger group (n = 31) visually sound horses with various degree of dorsal hoof wall asymmetry trotted three times over a pressure mat. COP path was determined in a hoof-bound coordinate system. A relationship between correlations between left and right COP paths and degree of asymmetry was investigated.ResultsUsing a hoof-bound coordinate system made the COP path highly repeatable and unique for each limb. The craniocaudal patterns are usually highly correlated between left and right, but the mediolateral patterns are not. Some patterns were found between COP path and dorsal wall angle but asymmetry in dorsal wall angle did not necessarily result in asymmetry in COP path and the same could be stated for symmetry.ConclusionThis method is a highly sensitive method to quantify the net result of the interaction between all of the forces and torques that occur in the limb and its inertial properties. We argue that changes in motor control, muscle force, inertial properties, kinematics and kinetics can potentially be picked up at an early stage using this method and could therefore be used as an early detection method for changes in the musculoskeletal apparatus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A horse’s locomotor signature: COP path determined by the individual limb

2017

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“…Kainer (1987) stated that the time for the hoof at the toe to grow to the distal border as 270 to 365 days. Hoof growth rates in mature horses have been reported without stating hoof wall renewal time (Faramarzi et al, 2009;Reilly et al, 1998). In a case of total hoof wall avulsion of a four year old Quarter Horse, it was reported that 24 months after the trauma the hoof had completely regrown implying that this was the length of time for hoof renewal in this case (de Gresti et al, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Hoof renewal time from birth of Thoroughbred foals

Curtis

Martin

Hobbs

2014

The Veterinary Journal

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Abstract:Introduction: Thoroughbred foals are born with fully developed hooves and stand within minutes of birth. A ring in the hoof horn occurs at birth and grows down the hoof wall, separating the fetal hoof (distal) and foal hoof (proximal). Birth rings in hoof horn have been noted in other species and used to estimate age. Hoof wall renewal in all ages of horse has been poorly reported. Furthermore horn growth and complete hoof capsule renewal has not been measured in Thoroughbred foals. Partial hoof wall avulsions are relatively common. The objective was to measure the time taken for the fetal hoof of newborn foals to grow to the bearing border and be replaced by hoof grown since birth.Method: Thoroughbred foals (N=150) on four Newmarket stud farms were studied during June to September. The age of the foal and the day that routine hoof trimming removed the remnants of the fetal hoof of the front hooves was recorded. Foals that were on restricted exercise, ill or where the remnants of the fetal hoof still remained after trimming were excluded from the data. 45 foals fulfilled the criteria. The data were tabulated in Excel, analysed in Minitab and assessed for normality (AndersonDarling). Results:The mean age at which the fetal hoof was removed with routine trimming was 145±15 days (95% confidence interval, 141.77-147.16), range 120-165 days.Conclusions: Thoroughbred foals replaced the fetal hoof half the time given for mature horses (270-365 days). Knowing the time of hoof renewal will allow accurate predictions of healing to be made in cases of partial hoof wall avulsion and other hoof lesions and may assist in determining the age of foals.Declarations: Approval was given by the University of Central Lancashire Animal Projects Committee. There were no sources of funding and no competing Interests.

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“…2 A-E) following previous studies. 7,8 Using NIH Image J software, linear and angular dimensions were measured and the mean/standard deviations were calculated for each measurement. To ensure repeatability and accuracy of acquired data, one person performed all measurements.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Analysis and Development of the Fore Feet of Arabian Foals from Birth to 1 Year of Age

Faramarzi

Salinger

Kaneps³

et al. 2017

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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The goal of this study was to quantify external and internal anatomical characteristics of the foal foot throughout the first year of age. Digital radiographs and photographs were taken bimonthly of the forefeet of nine Arabian foals, beginning at about 2 weeks of age until 12 months of age. Sixty-eight linear and angular variables were measured using NIH (National Institutes of Health) software. Statistical analyses were performed using piecewise random coefficient model and -values< 0.05 were considered significant. Distinct changes in hoof development were identified between 4 and 8 months of age. Distinct changes were identified in several external (conformational) measurements including hoof solar widths and lengths, palmar heel lengths, toe and heel angles and in several internal (radiographic) measurements including the widths and lengths of the phalanges and sesamoid bones as well as joint angles. Existing knowledge of distal limb development in foals, particularly the foot, is limited. These findings define the measurable changes of the foal foot as it grows during the first year of life. These data provide an insight into the transformation of the hoof from its initial oval to a circular shape and from a club-like, cylindrical conformation to a more angled, conical conformation. This paper quantifies this development, ultimately allowing a better understanding of morphological changes in the foot of the growing foal.

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Changes in growth of the hoof wall and hoof morphology in response to regular periods of trotting exercise in Standardbreds

Abstract: In Standardbreds, mild exercise for 17 weeks caused no significant changes in hoof wall growth or morphometric variables. Subtle changes may develop in equine hooves in response to loading, and mild exercise may not be a strong adaptive stimulus.

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

A horse’s locomotor signature: COP path determined by the individual limb

A horse’s locomotor signature: COP path determined by the individual limb

Hoof renewal time from birth of Thoroughbred foals

Quantitative Analysis and Development of the Fore Feet of Arabian Foals from Birth to 1 Year of Age

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