Changes in gut hormone and glucose concentrations in relation to hunger and fullness

Abstract

Background: The search for biomarkers of appetite is very active. Objectives: The aims were to compare dynamics of hunger and fullness ratings on a visual analog scale (VAS) with dynamics of glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, ghrelin, glucose, and insulin concentrations throughout different meal patterns-and thus different timings of nutrient delivery to the gut-by using a statistical approach that focuses on within-subject relations of these observations and to investigate whether appetite ratings are synchronized with or lag behind or in front of changes in hormone and glucose concentrations. Design: Subjects (n = 38) with a mean (6SD) age of 24 6 6 y and BMI (in kg/m 2 ) of 25.1 6 3.1 came to the university twice for consumption of a 4-course lunch in 0.5 or 2 h (randomized crossover design). Per subject regression slopes and R 2 values of VAS scores on hormone and glucose concentrations were calculated. We tested whether the means of the slopes were different from zero. Regarding possible lags in the relations, the analyses were repeated with VAS scores related to hormone and glucose concentrations of the relevant previous and following measurement periods. Results: VAS scores and hormone and glucose concentrations changed synchronously (P , 0.005, R 2 = 0.4-0.7). Changes in ghrelin concentrations lagged behind (10-30 min) changes in hunger scores (P , 0.005, R 2 = 0.7) and insulin concentrations (P , 0.005, R 2 = 0.6), which suggests a role for insulin as a possible negative regulator of ghrelin. No major differences in slopes and R 2 values were found between the meal patterns. Conclusions: This method may be useful for understanding possible differences in relations between VAS scores and hormone and glucose concentrations between subjects or conditions. Yet, the reported explained variation of 40% to 70% seems to be too small to use hormone and glucose concentrations as appropriate biomarkers for appetite, at least at the individual level and probably at the group level. This study started in 2007, which means that it was not registered as a clinical trial.Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:717-25.

The Satiating Effect of NUTRALYS® Pea Protein Leads to Reduced Energy intake in Healthy Humans

“…It is clear that all peptides associate strongly with feelings of being satiated. This agrees with findings by Lemmens et al [33], despite the differences in VAS questions asked between both studies. Unfortunately, in the present study ghrelin was not evaluated.…”

Response of appetite and potential appetite regulators following intake of high energy nutritional supplements

“…Thus, our findings contribute to the debate about whether appetite hormones act as biomarkers of appetite (De Graaf et al, 2004;A. Flint et al, 2007;Lemmens et al, 2011) and support the notion of the subjective appetite measures being better correlates of energy intake than circulating levels of individually considered appetite hormones (Doucet et al, 2008).…”

“…3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64and energy intakes between the two trials. To assess the strength of within-subject relation between changes in appetite scores and changes in hormone and glucose concentrations, regression slopes and R 2 values for the regression of appetite score on hormone and glucose concentrations for the corresponding time points were calculated (Lemmens, Martens, Kester, & Westerterp-Plantenga, 2011). Student's one sample t-tests were used to test whether the means of the regression slopes were different from zero.…”

“…For further understanding of relations between responses of appetite scores and hormone responses we used a statistical approach that focuses on within participant relations between changes in appetite scores and changes in hormone concentrations (Lemmens et al, 2011) and obtained regression slopes and R 2 values for the regression of appetite scores on each of the measured appetite hormones. We found that within participant relations between responses of appetite scores and responses of hormones showed significant correlations with regards to PYY and insulin, but not CCK.…”

Contribution of gastroenteropancreatic appetite hormones to protein-induced satiety

“…However, the results must be interpreted with some reservations because the identified associations between appetite sensations and concentrations of appetite hormones were weak and, in some cases, inconsistent with the current literature (ie, PYY 3-36 was inversely associated with satiety, and cholecystokinin was associated with prospective consumption) (41). A comparison of dynamics of appetite sensations with appetite hormones was difficult because of the different timing and responses of individual variables (42). Associations between appetite sensations and appetite hormones need to be explored further.…”