Changes in human mandibular structure with age

Atkinson, Peter J.; Woodhead, Christopher

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(68)90027-7

Cited by 94 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Micro-CT scanners with resolutions of between 14 and 60 lm have been used to make such measurements [9,10,24,27] and in this study the micro-CT scanner had a resolution of 21.3 lm. Measurement sites from the premolar region were selected as this is an area commonly used in mandibular bone research [1,45] and one of most frequent places for implants. Regions of interest within the trabecular bone were divided into alveolar and basal in order to permit investigation of the influence of occlusal forces on trabecular bone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The three-dimensional microstructure of the trabecular bone in the mandible

et al. 2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study investigated the three dimensional (3D) trabecular microstructure of the alveolar and basal bone in the mandible using micro-CT and compared the morphometric values of the different sites. Ten specimens were prepared and scanned using a micro-CT system. Both the alveolar and basal trabecular bone of the premolar region in the mandible were measured for the structural analysis. Cross-sectional 1024·1024 pixel images were created. From the two-dimensional (2D) images produced, 3D structural images were reconstructed. After scanning the specimen, the volumes of interest (VOI) of the alveolar and basal bone regions were selected from the 3D reconstruction images, and the structural parameters such as bone volume fraction, bone surface density, trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, trabecular number and structural model index were analyzed. The trabecular structure showed a marked variation within the sites of the specimen, especially in the basal trabecular bone inferior to the mandibular canal. In both the alveolar and basal bone regions, a mixture of both plate-like and rod-like structures was observed. The alveolar region showed a more compact, plate-type trabecular structure than the basal regions. In parametric comparison with the basal bone, the alveolar bone generally had a higher bone volume fraction, bone trabecular thickness and trabecular number, and lower bone surface density, trabecular separation and structural model index. The alveolar bone consisted of a compact bone structure with a large amount of thick plate-type trabecular bone, which was effectively resistant to the masticatory forces. As the measurements were made closer to the basal bone, a loose structure was observed with lower bone volume and fewer, thin, rod-like trabeculae.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The three-dimensional microstructure of the trabecular bone in the mandible

et al. 2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Radiographic and anatomical cortical thickness measurements have shown both an increase (Benson et al, 1991) and decrease with aging Bras et al, 1982a;Kribbs, 1990). The cortex also becomes increasingly porous with age (Atkinson and Woodhead, 1968), but porosity tends to decrease initially in early adulthood prior to the increase in older age (Manson and Lucas, 1962). In other sites of the skeleton, bone may also increase in its level of mineralization with age , but this is usually accompanied by a loss in bone quantity rather than the gain that may occur in the mandible.…”

Section: (24) Inflammatory Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, a resorbing ridge shows bone apposition on the endosteal surface and a continuous overall decrease in size. In addition, in a study of mandibular structural changes with age, no relation between cortical porosity and the presence or absence of the teeth was found (Atkinson and Woodhead, 1968). It is obvious that many functional changes occur upon the loss of the teeth, both in the source and the magnitude of the applied strains (Sobolik, 1960), as well as in the way they are transmitted to the bone (Ortman, 1962).…”

Section: (13) Rate and Duration Of Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caution has to be exercised in extrapolating this to the human situation, but in man, alveolar bone does seem to have a high metabolic activity (Waddington et al, 1989). It is less highly mineralized than basal bone (Kingsmill and Boyde, 1998b) and more porous (Atkinson and Woodhead, 1968). Changes in alveolar bone can be the first sign of a metabolic disturbance (Bays and Weinstein, 1982;Baxter, 1987), although this could be due to the fact that changes in the fine bony anatomy are easier to detect here than at other skeletal sites (Bender, 1997).…”

Section: (13) Rate and Duration Of Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the horizontal plane, the majority of the bone loss occurs from the buccal aspect in the upper jaw, resulting in a reduction in palatal width and length, as well as height (Fish, 1947, Likeman andWatt, 1974). The situation is more complex in the mandible, with the majority of loss occurring from the labial aspect anteriorly and from the lingual aspect posteriorly (Fish, 1947;Watt and MacGregor, 1986), thus matching the regions where the cortex is inherently more porous (Atkinson and Woodhead, 1968), and where the rate of bone turnover is higher (Kingsmill and Boyde, 1998b). Some resorption is also seen buccally (Pietrokovski and Massler, 1967;Pietrokovski, 1975;Enlow et al, 1976;Wang, 1989), but the arch width of the edentulous mandible is, on average, 7 mm greater than that of the edentulous maxilla (measured immediately anterior to the retromolar pads and tuberosities, respectively; Parkinson, 1978) A cross-sectional histological study of 15 mandibles exhibiting various stages of tooth loss (Enlow et a)., 1976) described variations in the areas of surface resorption and apposition in the different mandibles.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Post-Extraction Remodeling of the Adult Mandible

Kingsmill

1999

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Following tooth loss, the mandible shows an extensive loss of bone in some individuals. This may pose a significant problem in the prosthodontic restoration of function and esthetics. The many factors which have been proposed as being responsible for the inter-individual variation in post-extraction remodeling mean that a perfunctory analysis of the literature, in which well-controlled, relevant studies are scarce, may not provide the whole story. This article reviews the local and systemic factors which may play a role in the post-extraction remodeling of the mandible. Since severe residual ridge resorption may occur even when the bone status in the rest of the skeleton is good and vice versa, it is concluded that local functional factors are of paramount significance. It is now essential to determine how they can be modified and applied to help maintain ridge height and quality in our aging, edentulous population.

show abstract

Developmental changes in the shape of the supralaryngeal vocal tract in chimpanzees

Nishimura

2004

American J Phys Anthropol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The hyoid bone and larynx in human neonates are positioned as high as in other mammals. However, during postnatal life, they descend relative to the hard palate more rapidly compared with the horizontal growth of the oral cavity. This process is completed through the descent of the laryngeal skeleton relative to the hyoid, and through the descent of the hyoid relative to the cranial base. Thus, the human supralaryngeal vocal tract (SVT) develops to form a two-tube configuration with equally long horizontal and vertical parts. Longitudinal studies on living chimpanzee infants show that the descent of the larynx is more rapid than the horizontal growth of the oral cavity. This is primarily attributed to the descent of their larynges relative to the hyoid bone, but this is not accompanied by the descent of the hyoid. The present study, using embalmed specimens of chimpanzees, also shows that the horizontal and vertical parts of the SVT grow in chimpanzees similarly to humans during infancy. However, in chimpanzees, the horizontal part of the SVT grows greatly, whereas the vertical part of the SVT grows only slightly during the juvenile period. As a result, the chimpanzee larynx does not descend rapidly relative to the oral elongation during that period. Such differences may be related to the structural and morphological development of the facial skeleton and mandible, which affects prognathism and hyoid descent. These results support the hypothesis that the descent of the larynx evolved in at least two steps during hominoid evolution.

show abstract

Changes in human mandibular structure with age

Cited by 94 publications

References 7 publications

The three-dimensional microstructure of the trabecular bone in the mandible

The three-dimensional microstructure of the trabecular bone in the mandible

Post-Extraction Remodeling of the Adult Mandible

Developmental changes in the shape of the supralaryngeal vocal tract in chimpanzees

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About