Changes in immunohistochemical staining of PSA, PAP, and TURP-27 following irradiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer

Grob, B. Mayer; Schellhammer, Paul; Brassil, Diane N.; Wright, George L.

doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(94)80051-0

Cited by 16 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, benign prostate cells appear to sustain enough damage to lose the capacity to produce certain proteins. This may explain the lower than anticipated serum PSA levels in some patients who progress after radiation 105.…”

Section: Monitoring Treatment Response In Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 89%

Current Approaches, Challenges and Future Directions for Monitoring Treatment Response in Prostate Cancer

et al. 2014

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Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous neoplasm in men in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer mortality. One in 7 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime. As a result, monitoring treatment response is of vital importance. The cornerstone of current approaches in monitoring treatment response remains the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). However, with the limitations of PSA come challenges in our ability to monitor treatment success. Defining PSA response is different depending on the individual treatment rendered potentially making it difficult for those not trained in urologic oncology to understand. Furthermore, standard treatment response criteria do not apply to prostate cancer further complicating the issue of treatment response. Historically, prostate cancer has been difficult to image and no single modality has been consistently relied upon to measure treatment response. However, with newer imaging modalities and advances in our understanding and utilization of specific biomarkers, the future for monitoring treatment response in prostate cancer looks bright.

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Section: Monitoring Treatment Response In Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 89%

Current Approaches, Challenges and Future Directions for Monitoring Treatment Response in Prostate Cancer

et al. 2014

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“…The effects of hormonal therapy and radiotherapy are not only to suppress tumor cells but also to decrease or abolish their phonotypical expression of PSA and PAP. [10][11][12][13][14] Furthermore, PAP and PSA immunostaining of the PAC is usually uneven with areas of decreased or negative immunoreactivity. 15,16 While a PAC with a Gleason score of less than 3 + 4 is a local disease, those with a predominant pattern of grade 4 and 5 has an aggressive course of progression with regional lymph nodes and systemic metastases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary prostatic adenocarcinoma: A cytopathological study of 50 cases

Kien

Delatour

Assiri

et al. 2007

Diagnostic Cytopathology

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Positive diagnosis of metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC) can be made by microscopic examination of the cytologic specimens and immunostaining for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acid phosphatase (PAP). Immunohistochemical markers have been known to display negative, weak, or focal staining in poorly differentiated PAC and in patients with prior hormonal and/or radiation therapy. The purpose of this study is to characterize the cytopathology of metastatic PAC as it has not been documented in large series. Fifty cases of metastatic PAC with cytological specimens consisting of 41 fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB), 6 pleural fluid aspirates, and 3 catheterized urine samples were reviewed and correlated with the surgical specimens and the clinical charts. Immunostaining for PSA, PAP, cytokeratin AE1/3, cytokeratin 7 (CK7), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), vimentin, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was done. Mean patient age was 77 +/- 8 yr; serum PSA, 4.1 +/- 2.3; and primary PAC Gleason score, 8.1 +/- 1.5. Cytologically, the specimens consisted of cell clusters or cell sheets with overlapping uniform hyperchromatic nuclei with or without nucleoli. Twelve cases were not reactive to PSA and PAP and 44 cases displayed negative immunoreactivity to both CK7 and CK20. Carcinoid-like lesions and small cell carcinomas were seen in 4 cases and were misdiagnosed as nonprostatic origin based on the following features: negative immunoreactivity to PSA and PAP with or without positive reactivity to CEA, and different histopathological features when compared with the primary PAC. In addition to the frequency of high-grade PAC, awareness of the negative immunoreactivity to PSA and PAP, the discrepancy in the histopathological patterns between the primary and secondary tumors, especially the frequent neuroendocrine differentiation, are helpful features for the diagnosis of metastases of prostatic origin.

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“…7,8), PSMA (9), and PSCA (10,11). Although these protein targets are frequently expressed by prostate cancer cells, they are also expressed by normal prostate tissue and may not be critical for the survival of the tumor; hence, their expression might be downregulated by cancer cells during the course of immune targeting or disease progression (12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Thus, there remains a need to identify immune targets of prostate cancer that are highly expressed in metastatic disease and/or critical to the progression of the disease, as simultaneous antigen targeting may be important to prevent the outgrowth of escape variants arising during the course of targeted therapy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression and Immunotherapeutic Targeting of the SSX Family of Cancer–Testis Antigens in Prostate Cancer

et al. 2011

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Recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of the first immunotherapy for prostate cancer encourages efforts to improve immune targeting of this disease. The synovial sarcoma X chromosome breakpoint (SSX) proteins comprise a set of cancer-testis antigens that are upregulated in MHC class I-deficient germline cells and in various types of advanced cancers with a poor prognosis. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the SSX family member SSX2 can arise spontaneously in prostate cancer patients. Thus, SSX2 and other proteins of the SSX family may offer useful targets for tumor immunotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the expression of SSX family members in prostate cancer cell lines and tumor biopsies to identify which members might be most appropriate for immune targeting. We found that SSX2 was expressed most frequently in prostate cell lines, but that SSX1 and SSX5 were also expressed after treatment with the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2 0 -deoxycytidine. Immunohistochemical analysis of microarrayed tissue biopsies confirmed a differential level of SSX protein expression in human prostate cancers. Notably, SSX expression in patient tumor samples was restricted to metastatic lesions (5/22; 23%) and no expression was detected in primary prostate tumors examined (0/73; P < 0.001). We determined that cross-reactive immune responses to a dominant HLA-A2-specific SSX epitope (p103-111) could be elicited by immunization of A2/DR1 transgenic mice with SSX vaccines. Our findings suggest that multiple SSX family members are expressed in metastatic prostate cancers which are amenable to simultaneous targeting. Cancer Res; 71(21); 6785-95. Ó2011 AACR.

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Changes in immunohistochemical staining of PSA, PAP, and TURP-27 following irradiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer

Cited by 16 publications

References 12 publications

Current Approaches, Challenges and Future Directions for Monitoring Treatment Response in Prostate Cancer

Current Approaches, Challenges and Future Directions for Monitoring Treatment Response in Prostate Cancer

Secondary prostatic adenocarcinoma: A cytopathological study of 50 cases

Expression and Immunotherapeutic Targeting of the SSX Family of Cancer–Testis Antigens in Prostate Cancer

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