“…To generalize, Lake Superior (the least productive, deepest, and coldest lake) has been dominated by calanoid copepods, whereas cladocerans and cyclopoids have been relatively more abundant in the lower four lakes (Barbiero et al, 2001;Patalas, 1972). Over the past decade, however, the zooplankton communities in Lakes Michigan and Huron have changed with cladocerans and cyclopoids declining in abundance (Barbiero et al, 2009a;Fernandez et al, 2009;Kerfoot et al, 2010), while calanoid copepods are either remaining stable or even increasing (Barbiero et al, 2009b;Fernandez et al, 2009). Possible explanations for these changes include: 1) ongoing declines in offshore nutrient concentrations (Barbiero et al, 2009a;Evans et al, 2011;Mida et al, 2010) and the resultant competitive advantages to calanoids (McNaught, 1975;Richman and Dodson, 1983;Santer, 1994); 2) the expansion of quagga mussels and their filtering of phytoplankton (Fahnenstiel et al, 1995;Vanderploeg et al, 2010) and microzooplankton (Kissman et al, 2010;MacIsaac et al, 1991;Pace et al, 1998) that herbivorous and omnivorous cladocerans and cyclopoids feed upon; 3) excessive planktivory from invertebrate predators such as Bythotrephes longimanus (Bunnell et al, 2011;Lehman, 1991;Lehman and Cáceres, 1993) that prefer herbivorous cladocerans (Schulz and Yurista, 1999;Vanderploeg et al, 1993).…”