Changes in Patient Screening for a Clinical Study of Dental Implants After Increased Awareness of Tobacco Use as a Risk Factor

Effects of nicotine on gene expression and osseointegration in rats

“…This study demonstrates the effects of nicotine in the plasma on the bone remodeling process and the osseointegration of a titanium implant in a rat. While this study has focused the investigation on the exclusive effects of nicotine, exposure to smoking has already been widely shown to cause adverse effects on bone development and wound healing by it being a significant risk factor for osteoporosis (Egger et al 1996) as well as being associated with reduced bone density in the femur, vertebrae, and jawbone (Lemons et al 1997). In addition, there was decreased bone mineral content in smokers when compared with the bone mineral content between smokers and non‐smokers (Raikin et al 1998).…”

Tobacco as a Risk Factor for Survival of Dental Implants

“…According to some authors, the predominant pattern of failure in the S patient is early failure, mainly after uncovering the implant, with a failure rate of 4.7% to 6.5% in S versus 2.8% to 3.3% in NS 40,53 …”

“…According to some authors, the predominant pattern of failure in the S patient is early failure, mainly after uncovering the implant, with a failure rate of 4.7% to 6.5% in S versus 2.8% to 3.3% in NS. 40,53 Risk is defined as the probability of developing a disease over a specific period of time. Dental researchers began assessing factors that may be associated with an increased risk of implant failure aiming at better understanding the reasons for failure.…”

Tooth loss and implant replacement

“…Several studies have shown that smoking can be associated with higher failure rates, complications and altered soft tissue conditions. [76][77][78][79][80][81][82] In general, smokers showed approximately twice the number of failures compared with non-smokers. While protocols have recommended a period of nonsmoking that covers the treatment phase, 83 it has also been suggested that patients should stop smoking because of the higher incidence of maxillary periimplantitis in smokers.…”