Changes in phenolics and antioxidant capacities in fruit tissues of mandarin cultivars Kinnow and W. Murcott with relation to fruit development

Abstract

Citrus fruits are known for their valuable phytochemicals such as flavonoids, carotenoids, and limonoids. The Punjab province of northwestern India is bestowed with a diversity of citrus cultivars that can be successfully grown. Citrus acreage in region is 60,980 ha, with cultivar Kinnow (Citrus nobilis Lour × Citrus deliciosa Tenora) mandarin comprising 55,470 ha and covering 91% of the total area under citrus fruits (Anonymous, 2020). Similarly, cultivar W. Murcott (Citrus reticulate Blanco × Citrus sinensis L.), a loose-skinned mandarin, is also gaining prominence in this region.Citrus fruits are known to possess several phytochemicals including polyphenols, flavonoids, limonoids, and terpenoids (Lado et al., 2018) and functions as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiaging analgesic, antimutagenicity, antiaging, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents, thus can be utilized for the development of nutritionally safe newer food products Zou et al., 2016). Similarly, phenolic compounds in the flavonoids such as hesperidin and naringenin are related to health benefits (Inan et al., 2017). Additionally, citrus waste, which can be used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, is a valuable byproduct of the citrus industry (Mahato et al., 2018) because it contains several

A Critical Review on Physiological Changes during Growth Maturation and Ripening of Citrus Fruits

“…Simpson & Egyankor [63] reported that the highest pectin content 4.10% was present at fully mature stage of Grape fruit. Moreover, the pectin content increased in case of Kinnow and Orange fruit, which might be attributed to presence of pectin degrading enzyme inhibitors [64,65]. Similar findings are expected in case of Ttangerine fruits [66].…”

“…Naringin content decreased in most of the citrus fruits owing to its hydrolysis by naringinase [71][72][73][74] however, presence of inhibitors might result in its increase, as in case of bitter Orange [75]. --0.18 Grape fruit (mg/100 g FW) [68] 12102 -2195 Tangerine (mg/l) [71] 181 154 140 Kinnow (mg/g DW) [65] 0.68 1.21 0.54 Mandarin (µg/g) [73] 15.31 3.03 4.31 Bitter Orange (%) [58] 13.29 15.03 19.29 Pamelo (µg/ml) [54] 40.27 7.56 0.53 Chinotto (mg/l) [74] 19.95 -6.08 Clementine (mg/g DW) [69] --0.08…”

Comparison of Some Fruit Quality Parameters of Selected 12 Mandarin Genotypes from Black Sea Region in Turkey

“…Sainampueng. Singh et al reported that W. Murcott pulp contained higher mean total phenol content than Kinnow pulp (1547 versus. 1279 mg GAE/100 g DW).…”

“…Costanzo et al 9 reported lower DPPH activity (21.10%) in mandarin fruits. Singh et al 2 used DPPH assay in two mandarin cultivars and reported DPPH activity from 26.54 to 85.46% during different fruit developmental stages. China Xu et al 48 investigated antioxidant activity of different groups of mandarins (diverse species) and found DPPH value between 23.69 and 61.62%.…”

“…The genus including bright, colorful, fragrant, refreshing, and juicy diverse fruits of orange, pomelo, mandarin, lemon, lime, citron, grapefruit, kumquat, and hybrids are not only delicious for their balanced tart and sweet taste, they are also an essential part of everyday nutrition and have numerous health benefits. Citrus fruits are rich in multiple nutrients such as vitamin C, flavonoids, vitamin A, amino acids, carotenoids, organic acids, fiber, etc., that are needed to form and maintain health. − …”