Changes in plasma and coelomic fluid composition of the mature salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) during freshwater adaptation

Hirano, Takahiro; Morisawa, Masaaki; Suzuki, Kouichiro

doi:10.1016/0300-9629(78)90266-9

Cited by 42 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Ovarian fluid is believed to be partially derived from the blood, 20,26 but no evidence for interference was found in an earlier study in which blood was tested in the ELISA. 33 Recent in vitro and in vivo studies with extracellular products (ECP) of R. salmoninarum failed to demonstrate cytotoxic activities, 2 but the p57 protein and its breakdown products are components of the ECP and have autolytic serine protease properties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Membrane-Filtration Fluorescent Antibody Test, the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and the Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Renibacterium Salmoninarum in Salmonid Ovarian Fluid

1998

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Abstract. Ovarian fluid samples from naturally infected chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were examined for the presence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by the membrane-filtration fluorescent antibody test (MF-FAT), an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). On the basis of the MF-FAT, 64% (66/103) samples contained detectable levels of R. salmoninarum cells. Among the positive fish, the R. salmoninarum concentrations ranged from 25 cells/ml to 4.3 ϫ 10 9 cells/ml. A soluble antigenic fraction of R. salmoninarum was detected in 39% of the fish (40/103) by the ELISA. The ELISA is considered one of the most sensitive detection methods for bacterial kidney disease in tissues, yet it did not detect R. salmoninarum antigen consistently at bacterial cell concentrations below about 1.3 ϫ 10 4 cells/ml according to the MF-FAT counts. When total DNA was extracted and tested in a nested PCR designed to amplify a 320-base-pair region of the gene encoding a soluble 57-kD protein of R. salmoninarum, 100% of the 100 samples tested were positive. The results provided strong evidence that R. salmoninarum may be present in ovarian fluids thought to be free of the bacterium on the basis of standard diagnostic methods.Bacterial kidney disease (BKD), caused by the gram-positive bacterium Renibacterium salmoninarum, affects wild and cultured salmonid stocks worldwide. 13,17,21 The bacterium is unique because not only can it be transmitted horizontally 31 like many other fish pathogenic microorganisms, 40 but also it can be transmitted vertically in association with eggs from infected parents. 8,15 Several mechanisms have been postulated for the egg-associated transmission of R. salmoninarum. 7,23 Many consider vertical transmission to be a consequence of maternal R. salmoninarum infections 16,34 because there is no experimental evidence to date for a contribution by an infected male. 16 As salmonid females reach sexual maturity, R. salmoninarum infections may be found in several organs and body fluids, 33 including the ovarian fluid that surrounds maturing eggs. 22,34 The relative importance of infections in various organs to the success of vertical transmission is poorly understood, but the ovarian fluid can contain more than 1 ϫ 10 9 R. salmoninarum cells/ml, 34 suggesting that this fluid may play a key role in eggassociated transmission of BKD. Whereas the prevalence of R. salmoninarum infections among fish in different progeny groups generally increases as the concentrations of the bacterium in the ovarian fluid be- Received for publication July 14, 1997. come higher, 22,34 evidence exists that vertical transmission of this bacterium may also occur when there are very low numbers of bacterial cells in the ovarian fluid. Renibacterium salmoninarum infections have been detected in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts that were the progeny of females with as few as 28 bacterial cells/ml in their ovarian fluid. 22 Broodstock segregation has shown prom...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Membrane-Filtration Fluorescent Antibody Test, the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and the Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Renibacterium Salmoninarum in Salmonid Ovarian Fluid

1998

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“…The soluble protein fraction detected by the ELISA may be absent, or at undetectable levels, in some ovarian fluid samples in which whole bacteria are observed by the MF-FAT; factors in ovarian fluid that might account for this are not yet defined. The ovarian fluid of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta has an ion composition and osmolality similar to that of blood plasma, but with lower concentrations of organic constituents (Hirano et al 1978), and at least one protein not found in plasma (Matsubara et al 1985). Armstrong et al (1989b) reported that ovarian fluid samples from chinook salmon showed an ability to agglutinate lulled R. salmoninarum (killing method unspecified), and that this ability varied among samples, but they did not further identify the agglutinin or determine its specificity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brood stock segregation of spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) affects the prevalence and levels of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in progeny

Pascho¹,

Elliott²,

Streufert³

1992

Dis. Aquat. Org.

105

154

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“…Changes in plasma OP in response to environmental salinity are variable but, in many studies, the changes have been shown to persist for days or weeks (Assem and Hanke 1981;Hegab and Hanke 1982;Woo and Tong 1982;Alexis et al 1984;Wertheimer 1984;Finstad et al 1988). In addition, it was shown that the OP of coelomic fluid and seminal plasma varied in response to environmental salinity in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) (Hirano et al 1978;Morisawa et al 1979). Therefore, it is well documented that fish cells in vivo can be exposed directly to solutions of differing OPs (salinities).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Fish are found in habitats with widely differing salinities and, partly as a consequence, the OP of plasma from different species of fish can vary considerably; 260-360 mOsm kg-' for freshwater fish (Oguri and Ooshima 1977;Schmidt-Nielsen 1979;Toneys and Coble 1980;Hegab and Hanke 1982;Woo and Tong 1982;Alexis et al 1984;AlAmoudi 1987;Bentinck-Smith et al 1987;Finstad et al 1988Finstad et al , 1989Hwang et al 1989) and 310-490 mOsm kg-1 for marine fish (Hirano et al 1978(Hirano et al , 1990Morisawa et al 1979;Schmidt-Nielsen 1979;Wertheimer 1984;Nonnotte and Truchot 1990;Avella et al 1990;Rydevik et al 1990;ArnoldReed and Balment 1991;Weirich and Tomasso 1991;Lega et al 1992). The plasma OP of individuals within a given species is variable (BentinckSmith et al 1987) and can also change significantly depending upon environmental salinity and other stresses such as hypoxia, transportation and water temperature (see Tocher et al 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of salinity on the fatty acid compositions of total lipid and individual glycerophospholipid classes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cells in culture

Tocher

Castell

Dick

et al. 1995

Fish Physiol Biochem

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Cells from a relatively stenohaline marine species, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (TF) and an anadromous species, Atlantic salmon (AS) were cultured in media supplemented with NaCl to produce OPs varying from 300 to 500 mOsm kg(-1) and the direct effects of OP (salinity) on the fatty acid compositions of the main glycerophospholipid classes were determined. The most dramatic effects of salinity on total lipid fatty acids were observed in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in TF cells. There was a graded decrease in the percentage of 18:2n-9, and consequently total n-9 PUFA, and concomitantly increased percentages of both total n-3 and n-6 PUFA with increasing salinity. The increased n-3 and n-6 PUFA was due to significantly increased percentages of the major fatty acids in each of these groups, namely 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6, respectively. The reciprocal changes in n-9 PUFA and n-3/n-6 PUFA in TF cell total lipid resulted in the percentage of total PUFA not being significantly affected by changes in salinity. The graded decrease in 18:2n-9 with increasing salinity in TF cells was observed in all the major glycerophospholipids but especially PE, PI and PS. Increasing salinity resulted in graded increases in the percentages of 22:6n-3 in PE and PS in TF cells. The quantitatively greatest increase in the percentage of n-6 PUFA in TF cells occurred with 20:4n-6 in PC, PE and PL. There were less significant changes in the fatty acid compositions of glycerophospholipids in AS cells. However, the proportion of total n-3 + n-6 PUFA in PE varied reciprocally with the proportion of dimethylacetals in response to salinity. Similar reciprocal changes between fatty acids in response to salinity were also evident in the quantitatively more minor glycerophospholipids PS and Pl. In PS, the percentage of 22:6n-3 was significantly lower at 400 mOsm kg(-1) whereas the proportion of total monoenes was significantly higher at that salinity. A similar inverse relationship between total monoenes and 20:4n-6 (and, to a lesser extent total saturates) in response to salinity was noted in PI. The results show that environmental salinity, without whole-body physiological stimuli, has direct effects on the fatty acid composition of major glycerophospholipid classes in fish cells and that these effects differ in cells from different fish species.

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Changes in plasma and coelomic fluid composition of the mature salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) during freshwater adaptation

Cited by 42 publications

References 12 publications

Comparison of the Membrane-Filtration Fluorescent Antibody Test, the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and the Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Renibacterium Salmoninarum in Salmonid Ovarian Fluid

Comparison of the Membrane-Filtration Fluorescent Antibody Test, the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and the Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Renibacterium Salmoninarum in Salmonid Ovarian Fluid

Brood stock segregation of spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) affects the prevalence and levels of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in progeny

Effects of salinity on the fatty acid compositions of total lipid and individual glycerophospholipid classes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cells in culture

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