Changes in protein and nutrient composition of milk throughout lactation in dogs

Adkins, Yuriko; Lepine, Allan J.; Lönnerdal, Bo

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1266

Cited by 37 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Concomitant with the drop in 3′SL we observed lactose in milk to increase from 20–50 mM to 80–120 mM. In beagle milk, lactose concentrations were previously reported to increase from 16 g/L (46 mM) to 34 g/L (100 mM) in the first week of lactation [26], similar to the lactose levels we report here. Both with respect to volume and to lactose concentration the level of 3′SL in dog milk is relatively high, similar to the amounts described in mouse and rat milk [5], [27].Especially during the first week postpartum the high 3′SL concentration and 3′SL to lactose ratio might indicate a specific physiologic need of the newborn puppies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Milk Oligosaccharides over Time of Lactation from Different Dog Breeds

et al. 2014

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The partnership of humans and dogs goes back to over 10'000 years, yet relatively little is known about a dog's first extra-uterine nutrition particularly when it comes to milk oligosaccharides. We set out to identify and quantify milk oligosaccharides over the course of lactation from different dog breeds (Labrador retriever, Schnauzer and 3 Alaskan husky crossbreeds). To this end, 2 different chromatographic methods with fluorescence and mass spectrometry detection were developed and one was validated for quantification. Besides lactose and lactose-sulphate, we identified 2 different trisaccharides composed of 3 hexose units, 3′sialyllactose (3′SL), 6′sialyllactose (6′SL), 2′fucosyllactose (2′FL), and a tetrasaccharide composed of 2 hexoses, an N-acetylhexosamine and a deoxyhexose. 3′SL was present at the highest levels in milk of all dog breeds starting at around 7.5 g/L and dropping to about 1.5 g/L in the first 10 days of lactation. 6′SL was about 10 times less abundant and 2′FL and the tetrasaccharide had rather varying levels in the milk of the different breeds with the tetrasaccharide only detectable in the Alaskan husky crossbreeds. The longitudinal and quantitative data of milk oligosaccharides from different dog breeds are an important basis to further our understanding on their specific biological roles and also on the specific nutritional requirements of lactating puppies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Milk Oligosaccharides over Time of Lactation from Different Dog Breeds

et al. 2014

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“…Whereas 1 milk sample calcium value that was less than the MR was likely within the margin of error of the assay, the other low calcium values could not be explained by assay variation alone. Another study 38 also found dog milk calcium and phosphorus concentrations that were less than the NRC recommendations. The mean milk calcium and phosphorus concentrations (1.32 and 0.86 g/1,000 kcal, respectively) in that study 38 were even lower than those in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Another study 38 also found dog milk calcium and phosphorus concentrations that were less than the NRC recommendations. The mean milk calcium and phosphorus concentrations (1.32 and 0.86 g/1,000 kcal, respectively) in that study 38 were even lower than those in the present study. Indeed, it has been reported that calcium and phosphorus concentrations in dog milk are insufficient to allow maximal bone growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Possible explanations for the higher amounts of both minerals in milk replacers in those studies, 1,2 compared with the present study, may be differences in methodology, products tested (product names were not always provided), or methods of determining energy density. Additionally, calcium (and to some extent phosphorus) concentrations in dog milk generally increase up until about day 35 of lactation, 38 which also may account for some of the difference in these minerals in dog milk among the studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Comparison of the nutrient composition of commercial dog milk replacers with that of dog milk

Heinze¹,

Freeman²,

Martin

et al. 2014

javma

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Objective-To compare the nutrient composition of commercially available dog milk replacers with that of dog milk.Design-Prospective, cross-sectional study. Sample-5 dog milk samples and 15 samples of commercial dog milk replacers.Procedures-Dog milk and milk replacers were analyzed for concentrations of total protein, essential amino acids, sugars, total fat, essential fatty acids, calcium, and phosphorus. Energy density was calculated. Results from milk replacers were compared with the range of the concentration of each nutrient in milk samples from mature dogs as well as the National Research Council (NRC) recommendations for puppy growth.Address correspondence to Dr. Heinze (cailin.heinze@tufts.edu). e puppylac Milk Replacer for Puppies powder, Glo-Marr Products Inc, Lawrencebug, Ky. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author ManuscriptResults-Milk replacers varied widely in caloric density and concentration of nutrients such as calcium, protein, and fat. Calcium concentration was lower in 14 of 15 milk replacers than in the dog milk samples. Docosahexaenoic acid was undetectable in 12 of 15 milk replacers but present in all dog milk samples. All milk replacers had numerous essential nutrients outside of the range of the dog milk samples, and many had concentrations of amino acids, essential fatty acids, calcium, and phosphorus less than the NRC minimal requirement or recommended allowance. Compared with NRC recommendations, some dog milk samples had concentrations of total protein, linoleic acid, calcium, or phosphorus less than the recommended allowance.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that there was substantial variation in nutrient composition of 15 dog milk replacers and that some products were closer approximations of dog milk than others. Nearly all products would benefit from more appropriate calcium, amino acids, and essential fatty acids concentrations and better feeding directions.Commercial milk replacers for puppies have been available for decades and are commonly used for rearing orphans, for ill or weakened neonates, to supplement dog milk for large litters, and to mix with commercial puppy diets during the weaning process. Numerous products are available, but unlike other pet foods, the nutritional adequacy standards these products are expected to meet are not clearly defined. These factors make it difficult for pet owners and veterinarians to select appropriate milk replacers for their needs. Indeed, there is evidence that dog milk replacers may be quite variable in essential macronutrient and mineral concentrations among specific products and in comparison to dog milk. [1][2][3] However, the authors are unaware of any recent studies investigating the essential nutrient composition of a wide range of milk replacer products available in the United States, compared with contemporaneously analyzed dog milk, and this information is critical to allow educated decisions to be made on product use.Fatty acid composition of milk replacer...

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“…However, we also examined the formulas’ lactose contents, as some animals are lactose intolerant. We adjusted the formulas’ casein to whey protein ratios to 50:50 based on those seen in cow’s, dog’s and cat’s milk [2, 3]. The formulas’ vitamin and mineral concentrations were decided based on our findings, the nutritional requirements of dogs and cats [1, 7], and the nutritional requirements of humans outlined in the CODEX STAN [15].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the breast milk of giant pandas (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>) and the preparation of substitutes

Zhang

Hou

Lan

et al. 2016

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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The first milk substitute for giant panda cubs was developed in 1988 based on limited data about giant panda breast milk and that of certain types of bear. Mixtures of other formulas have also been fed to cubs at some facilities. However, they are not of sufficient nutritional quality for promoting growth in panda cubs. Here, we report analysis of giant panda breast milk and propose new milk substitutes for cubs, which were developed based on the results of our analysis. The Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding obtained breast milk samples from three giant pandas. Up to 30 ml of breast milk were collected from each mother by hand. Then, the milk samples were frozen and sent to Nihon University. The levels of protein, fat, carbohydrates, ash, moisture, vitamins, minerals, total amino acids, fatty acids, lactose and other carbohydrates in the milk were analyzed. The breast milk samples exhibited the following nutritional values: protein: 6.6–8.5%, fat: 6.9–16.4%, carbohydrates: 2.5–9.1%, ash: 0.9–1.0% and moisture: 67–83%. We designed two kinds of milk substitutes based on the data obtained and the nutritional requirements of dogs, cats and rodents. The nutritional composition of the milk substitutes for the first and second stages was as follows: protein: 38 and 26%, fat: 40 and 40%, carbohydrates: 13 and 25%, ash: 6 and 6% and moisture: 3 and 3%, respectively. In addition, the substitutes contained vitamins, minerals, taurine, docosahexaenoic acid, lactoferrin, nucleotides and other nutrients.

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Changes in protein and nutrient composition of milk throughout lactation in dogs

Abstract: Protein and nutrient composition of milk changes throughout lactation in dogs. These data can provide valuable information for use in establishing nutrient requirements of puppies during the suckling period.

Cited by 37 publications

References 37 publications

Milk Oligosaccharides over Time of Lactation from Different Dog Breeds

Milk Oligosaccharides over Time of Lactation from Different Dog Breeds

Comparison of the nutrient composition of commercial dog milk replacers with that of dog milk

Analysis of the breast milk of giant pandas (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>) and the preparation of substitutes

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